Drawing on the dualistic model of passion, we conducted a construct validation of the passion for work scale across four samples of employees and students. Specifically, we tested the two-factor structure of the model and examined the convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity of passion for work against conceptually similar work motivation and career-relevant constructs. Findings support the duality of the passion for work (i.e., harmonious and obsessive), its uniqueness as a motivational work construct, and its consequences on career-related outcomes. The findings also contribute to the increasing breadth of the passion literature across various contexts and its consequences for one’s work and career experiences.
AryeeS.TanK. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of career commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 40, 288–305. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(92)90052-2
3.
AstakhovaM. N.PorterG. (2015). Understanding the work passion–performance relationship: The mediating role of organizational identification and moderating role of fit at work. Human Relations, 68, 1315–1346. doi:10.1177/0018726714555204
4.
BakkerA. B.SchaufeliW. B.LeiterM. P.TarisT. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22, 187–200. doi:10.1080/02678370802393649
5.
BanduraA.SchunkD. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 586. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.586
6.
BaumJ. R.LockeE. A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill and motivation to subsequent venture. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 587–599. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.587
7.
BernardoA. B. I. (2007). Language in Philippine education: Rethinking old fallacies, exploring new alternatives amidst globalization. In TupasT. R. F. (Ed.), (Re)making society: The politics of language, discourse and identity in the Philippines (pp. 1–26). Quezon City: University of the Philippine Press.
8.
BetzN. E.KleinK. L.TaylorK. M. (1996). Evaluation of a short form of the career decision-making self-efficacy scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4, 47–57. doi:10.1177/106907279600400103
9.
BlauG. J. (1988). Further exploring the meaning and measurement of career commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 284–297. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(88)90020-6
10.
Bonneville-RoussyA.VallerandR. J.BouffardT. (2013). The roles of autonomy support and harmonious and obsessive passions in educational persistence. Learning and Individual Differences, 24, 22–31. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.12.015
11.
BoyatzisR.McKeeA.GolemanD. (2002). Reawakening your passion for work. Harvard Business Review, 80, 86–94.
12.
CardosoP.SilvaJ. R.GonçalvesM. M.DuarteM. E. (2014). Innovative moments and change in career construction counseling. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84, 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.10.001
13.
CarpentierJ.MageauG. A.VallerandR. J. (2012). Ruminations and flow: Why do people with a more harmonious passion experience higher well-being?Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 501–518. doi:10.1007/s10902-011-9276-4
14.
ChangR. (2002). The passion plan at work: Building a passion-driven organization. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
15.
ColarelliS. M. (1984). Methods of communication and mediating processes in realistic job previews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 633–642. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.69.4.633
16.
ConwayJ. M.HuffcuttA. I. (2003). A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 6, 147–168. doi:10.1177/1094428103251541
17.
CrockerJ.WolfeC. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108, 593–623. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.593
18.
DeciE. L.RyanR. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
19.
de PaterI.van VianenA.BechtoldtM.KleheU. (2009). Employees’ challenging job experiences and supervisors’ evaluations of promotability. Personnel Psychology, 62, 297–325. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2009.01139.x
20.
DikB. J.DuffyR. D. (2009). Calling and vocation at work: Definitions and prospects for research and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 37, 424–450. doi:10.1177/0011000008316430
21.
DikB. J.EldridgeB. M.StegerM. F.DuffyR. D. (2012). Development and validation of the calling and vocation questionnaire (CVQ) and brief calling scale (BCS). Journal of Career Assessment, 20, 242–263. doi:10.1177/1069072711434410
22.
DonahueE. G.RipB.VallerandR. J. (2009). When winning is everything: On passion, identity, and aggression in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 526–534. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.02.002
23.
DuffyR. D.SedlacekW. E. (2007). The presence of and search for a calling: Connections to career development. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 70, 590–601. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.03.007
24.
DweckC. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040–1048. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.41.10.1040
25.
ElliotA. J.ChurchM. A. (1997). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 218–232. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218
26.
ElliotA. J.ThrashT. M. (2001). Achievement goals and the hierarchical model of achievement motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 13, 139–156. doi:10.1023/A:1009057102306
27.
EthingtonC. A. (1990). A psychological model of student persistence. Research in Higher Education, 31, 279–293. doi:10.1007/BF00992313
28.
FerrisD. L.BrownD. J.BerryJ. W.LianH. (2008). The development and validation of the workplace ostracism scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1348–1366. doi:10.1037/a0012743
29.
FriginalE. (2007). Outsourced call centers and English in the Philippines. World Englishes, 26, 331–345. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-971X.2007.00512.x
GornG. J.KanungoR. N. (1980). Job involvement and motivation: Are intrinsically motivated managers more job involved?Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 26, 265–277. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(80)90059-8
32.
GuanP.CapezioA.RestubogS. L. D.ReadS.LajomJ. A. L.LiM. (2016). The role of traditionality in the relationships among parental support, career decision-making self-efficacy and career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94, 114–123. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2016.02.018
33.
HechanovaM. R.UyM.PresbiteroA. (2005). Who is the Filipino worker. In HechanovaM. R. M.FrancoE. P. (Eds.), The way we work: Research and best practices in Philippine organizations (pp. 44–62). Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo University Press.
34.
HenrichJ.HeineS. J.NorenzayanA. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466, 29. doi:10.1038/466029a
35.
HinkinT. R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1, 104–121. doi:10.1177/109442819800100106
36.
HooblerJ. M.WayneS. J.LemmonG. (2009). Bosses’ perceptions of family-work conflict and women’s promotability: Glass ceiling effects. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 939–957. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2009.44633700
37.
HoV. T.PollackJ. M. (2014). Passion isn’t always a good thing: Examining entrepreneurs’ network centrality and financial performance with a dualistic model of passion. Journal of Management Studies, 51, 433–459. doi:10.1111/joms.12062
38.
HoV. T.WongS.LeeC. H. (2011). A tale of passion: Linking job passion and cognitive engagement to employee work performance. Journal of Management Studies, 48, 26–47. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00878.x
39.
IlaganJ. R. A.HechanovaM. R. M.CoT. A. C.PleytoV. J. Z. (2014). “Bakit Ka Kumakayod?” Developing a Filipino needs theory of motivation. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 47, 117–143.
40.
JohnsG. (2006). The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31, 386–408. doi:10.5465/AMR.2006.20208687
41.
KanferR.ChenG.PritchardR. (2008). The three C’s of work motivation: Content, context and change. In KanferR.ChenG.PritchardR. (Eds.), Work motivation: Past, present and future (pp. 1–16). New York, NY: Routledge.
42.
KanungoR. N. (1982). Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 341–349. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.67.3.341
43.
KlineR. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
44.
KoestnerR.RyanR. M.BernieriF.HoltK. (1984). Setting limits on children’s behavior: The differential effects of controlling vs. informational styles on intrinsic motivation and creativity. Journal of Personality, 52, 233–248. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00879.x
45.
LavelleJ. J.BrocknerJ.KonovskyM. A.PriceK. H.HenleyA. B.TanejaA.VinekarV. (2009). Commitment, procedural fairness, and organizational citizenship behavior: A multifoci analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 337–357. doi:10.1002/job.518
46.
LavelleJ. J.RuppD. E.BrocknerJ. (2007). Taking a multifoci approach to the study of justice, social exchange, and citizenship behavior: The target similarity model. Journal of Management, 33, 841–866. doi:10.1177/0149206307307635
47.
LavigneG. L.ForestJ.Crevier-BaudL. (2012). Passion at work and burnout: A two-study test of the mediating role of flow experiences. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21, 518–546. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2011.578390
48.
LeanaC. R.FeldmanD. C. (1995). Finding new jobs after a plant closing: Antecedents and outcomes of the occurrence and quality of reemployment. Human Relations, 48, 1381–1401. doi:10.1177/001872679504801201
49.
LentR. W.BrownS. D.HackettG. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79–122. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
50.
MageauG. A.VallerandR. J.CharestJ.SalvyS. J.LacailleN.BouffardT.KoestnerR. (2009). On the development of harmonious and obsessive passion: The role of autonomy support, activity specialization, and identification with the activity. Journal of Personality, 77, 601–645. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00559.x
51.
MarkusH. R.KitayamaS. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
52.
NgT. W.SorensenK. L.FeldmanD. C. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: A conceptual integration and extension. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 111–136. doi:10.1002/job.424
53.
NiemiecC. P.RyanR. M.DeciE. L. (2010). Self-determination theory and the relation of autonomy to self-regulatory processes and personality development. In HoyleR. H. (Ed.), Handbook of personality and self-regulation. (pp. 169–191). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
54.
PaullayI. M.AlligerG. M.Stone-RomeroE. F. (1994). Construct validation of two instruments designed to measure job involvement and work centrality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 224–228. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.2.224
55.
PerrewéP. L.HochwarterW. A.FerrisG. R.McAllisterC. P.HarrisJ. N. (2014). Developing a passion for work passion: Future directions on an emerging construct. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 145–150. doi:10.1002/job.1902
56.
PerryJ. L.PorterL. W. (1982). Factors affecting the context for motivation in public organizations. Academy of Management Review, 7, 89–98. doi:10.5465/AMR.1982.4285475
57.
PhilippeF.VallerandR. J. (2007). Prevalence rates of gambling problems in Montreal, Canada: A look at old adults and the role of passion. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 275–283. doi:10.1007/s10899-006-9038-0
58.
PhilippeF. L.VallerandR. J.HoulfortN.LavigneG. L.DonahueE. G. (2010). Passion for an activity and quality of interpersonal relationships: The mediating role of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 917–932. doi:10.1037/a0018017
59.
PintrichP. R. (2000). Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 544–555. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.1.1.70
60.
ReidH.WestL. (2011). “Telling tales”: Using narrative in career guidance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78, 174–183. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.10.001
61.
RowoldJ.HeinitzK. (2007). Transformational and charismatic leadership: Assessing the convergent, discriminant and criterion validity of the MLQ and the CKS. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 121–133. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.01.003
62.
SavickasM. L. (2013). Career construction theory and practice. In BrownS. D.LentR. W. (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (2nd ed., pp. 147–183). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
63.
SavickasM. L.NotaL.RossierJ.DauwalderJ.-P.DuarteM. E.GuichardJ.…van VianenA. E. M. (2009). Life designing: A paradigm for career construction in the 21st century. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75, 239–250. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.04.004
64.
SchaufeliW. B.BakkerA. B.SalanovaM. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire a cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701–716. doi:10.1177/0013164405282471
65.
SchaufeliW. B.SalanovaM.González-RomáV.BakkerA. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92. doi:10.1023/A:1015630930326
66.
SchaufeliW. B.ShimazuA.TarisT. W. (2009). Being driven to work excessively hard: The evaluation of a two-factor measure of workaholism in The Netherlands and Japan. Cross-Cultural Research, 43, 320–348. doi:10.1177/1069397109337239
67.
ScottK. S.MooreK. S.MiceliM. P. (1997). An exploration of the meaning and consequences of workaholism. Human Relations, 50, 287–314. doi:10.1177/001872679705000304
68.
SteigerJ. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 245. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245
69.
TaylorK. M.BetzN. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22, 63–81. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(83)90006-4
70.
TaylorK. M.PopmaJ. (1990). An examination of the relationships among career decision-making self-efficacy, career salience, locus of control, and vocational indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 37, 17–31. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(90)90004-L
71.
ThackerR. A.WayneS. J. (1995). An examination of the relationship between upward influence tactics and assessments of promotability. Journal of Management, 21, 739–756. doi:10.1177/014920639502100408
72.
ThorgrenS.WincentJ. (2013). Passion and challenging goals: Drawbacks of rushing into goal-setting processes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 2318–2329. doi:10.1111/jasp.12181
73.
VallerandR. J. (2010). On passion for life activities: The dualistic model of passion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 97–193. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(10)42003 -1
74.
VallerandR. J.BlanchardC. M.MageauG. A.KoestnerR.RatelleC. F.LéonardM.,…MarsolaisJ. (2003). Les passions de l’a^me: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 756–767. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.756
75.
VallerandR. J.HoulfortN. (2003). Passion at work: Toward a new conceptualisation. In GillilandS.SteinerD.SkarlickiD. (Eds.), Emerging perspectives on values in organizations (pp. 175–204). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
76.
VallerandR. J.PaquetY.PhilippeF. L.CharestJ. (2010). On the role of passion for work in burnout: A process model. Journal of Personality, 78, 289–312. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00616.x
77.
Van de WalleD. (1997). Development and validation of a work domain goal orientation instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57, 995–1015. doi:10.1177/0013164497057006009
YaoK.FrancoE.HechanovaR. (2005). Rewards that matter: What motivates the Filipino employee. In HechanovaM. R. M.FrancoE. P. (Eds.), The way we work: Research and best practices in Philippine organizations (pp. 44–62). Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo University Press.
