This study tested for the measurement equivalence of a four-factor measure of career indecision (Career Indecision Profile-65; CIP-65) in U.S. and South Korean samples. The study was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, we tested the measurement equivalence of the CIP-65 with samples of participants from the United States (n = 488) and South Korea (n = 574). Finding a lack of evidence for configural invariance, we randomly split the South Korean sample to establish a version of the CIP-65 that would better fit the South Korean data. First, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis on data collected from 200 participants. A five-factor model of career indecision emerged that contrasted with our four-factor model. Second, we tested the five-factor structure by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis on data collected from 374 participants. The results revealed that the five-factor model fit the data well. Implications from these findings for counseling and future research are discussed.
AbramsM.ÓmarsdóttirA. Ó.BjörnsdóttirM. D.EinarsdóttirS.MartinC.CarrA.…RectorC. (2013). Measurement invariance of the career indecision profile: United States and Iceland. Journal of Career Assessment, 21, 469–482. doi:10.1177/1069072712475181
2.
BentlerP. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
3.
BentlerP. M.BonettD. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
4.
BrodbeckF. C.ChhokarJ. S.HouseR. J. (2007). Culture and leadership in 25 societies: Integration, conclusions, and future directions. In ChhokarJ. S.BrodbeckF. C.HouseR. J. (Eds.), Cultures and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 countries (pp. 1023–1084). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
5.
BrownS. D.HackerJ.AbramsM.CarrA.RectorC.LampK.…SienaA. (2012). Validation of a four-factor model of career indecision. Journal of Career Assessment, 20, 3–21. doi:10.1177/1069072711417154
6.
BrownS. D.RectorC. C. (2008). Conceptualizing and diagnosing problems in career decision-making. In BrownS. D.LentR. W. (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (4th ed., pp. 392–407). New York, NY: John Wiley.
7.
BrownS. D.Ryan KraneN. E. (2000). Four (or five) sessions and a cloud of dust: Old assumptions and new observations about career counseling. In BrownS. D.LentR. W. (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (3rd ed., pp. 740–766). New York, NY: John Wiley.
8.
BrowneM. W.CudeckR. (1989). Single-sample cross-validation indices for covariance structures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 24, 445–455. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2404_4
9.
BrowneM. W.CudeckR.TateneniK.MelsG. (2008). CEFA: A comprehensive exploratory factor analysis(Version 3.02) [Computer software and manual]. Retrieved fromhttp://faculty.psy.ohio-state.edu/browne/
10.
CarrA.RossierJ.RosseletJ. G.MassoudiK.BernaudJ.FerrariL.…RocheM. (2014). The career indecision profile: Measurement equivalence in two international samples. Journal of Career Assessment, 22, 123–137.
11.
CattellR. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10
12.
ChartrandJ. M.RobbinsS. B.MorrillW. H.BoggsK. (1990). Development and validation of the career factors inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 491–501. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.37.4.491
13.
FabrigarL. R.WegenerD. T.MacCallumR. C.StrahanE. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272–299. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
14.
GatiI.KrauszM.OsipowS. H. (1996). A taxonomy of difficulties in career decision-making. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 510–526.
15.
GuptaV.HangesP. J.DorfmanP. (2002). Cultural clusters: Methodology and findings. Journal of World Business, 37, 11–15. doi:10.1016/S1090-9516(01)00070-0
16.
HackerJ.CarrA.AbramsM.BrownS. D. (2013). Development of the career indecision profile: Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of Career Assessment, 21, 32–41. doi:10.1177/1069072712453832
17.
HofstedeG. (1991). Culture and organizations: Software of the mind. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
18.
HornJ. L. (1965). A rational and technique for estimating the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179–185.
19.
HuL.-T.BentlerP. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424–453. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
20.
JöreskogK. G.SörbomD. (2006). LISREL 8.8 for Windows [Computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
21.
Korean Educational Development Institute. (2011). Brief statistics on Korean education. Seoul, Korea: Author.
22.
LimE. (2009). Career guidance compared by types of vocational education among OECD countries. The Journal of Vocational Education Research, 12, 1–20.
23.
O’ConnorB. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instrumentation, and Computers, 32, 396–402. doi:10.3758/BF03200807
24.
RoundsJ. B.TinsleyH. E. A. (1984). Diagnosis and treatment of vocational problems. In BrownS. D.LentR. W. (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (pp. 137–177). New York, NY: John Wiley.
25.
SakaN.GatiI.KellyK. R. (2008). Emotional and personality-related aspects of career decision-making difficulties. Journal of Career Assessment, 16, 403–424. doi:10.1177/1069072708318900
26.
SampsonJ. P.JrReardonR. C.PetersonG. W.LenzJ. G. (2004). Career counseling services: A cognitive information processing approach. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
