The present study compared English and Hebrew paper-and- pencil and Internet versions of the Career Decision-making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ). First, the response pattern of 417 clients who filled out the Hebrew paper-and-pencil version was compared with the response pattern found for a matched sample of 837 individuals who visited a career-related Internet site and filled out the Hebrew Internet version of the CDDQ. The internal consistency reliability of the Internet version was similar to that of the paper-and-pencil version (.87 and .88, respectively). The structures derived from the 10 categories of difficulties were also highly similar in the two groups (Spearman rank-order correlation of .87), and both structures resembled the theoretical one proposed by Gati, Krausz, and Osipow. However, the response pattern of 24% of the Internet users could be characterized as "questionable," indicating that these users' difficulties should be interpreted and the users should be offered feedback with reservations. A similar comparison of the English paper-and-pencil questionnaire (n = 403) and the English Internet CDDQ (n = 182) also revealed a high correspondence between the versions, in both their structure and their pattern of scale reliabilities.
Barak, A. (1999). Psychological applications on the Internet: A discipline on the threshold of a new millennium. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 8, 231-246.
2.
Barak, A., & English, N. (in press). Prospects and limitations of psychological testing on the Internet. Journal of Technology in Human Services.
3.
Brown, D. (1990). Models of career decision making. In D. Brown & L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and development (2nd ed., pp. 295-421). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
4.
Buchanan, T., & Smith, J.L. (1999). Using the Internet for psychological research: Personality testing on the World Wide Web. British Journal of Psychology, 90, 125-144.
5.
Campbell, R.E., & Cellini, J.V. (1981). A diagnostic taxonomy of adult career problems . Journal of Vocational Behavior, 19, 175-190.
6.
Clark, G., Horan, J.J., Tompkins-Bjorkman, A., Kovalski, T., & Hackett, G. (2000). Interactive career counseling on the Internet . Journal of Career Assessment, 8, 85-93.
7.
Gati, I. (1996). Computer-assisted career counseling: Challenges and prospects. In M. L. Savickas & B. W. Walsh (Eds.), Handbook of career counseling theory and practice (pp. 169-190). Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black.
8.
Gati, I., Krausz, M., & Osipow, S.H. (1996). A taxonomy of difficulties in career decision making. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 510-526.
9.
Gati, I., Osipow, S.H., Krausz, M., & Saka, N. (2000). Validity of the Career Decision-Making Difficulty Questionnaire: Counselees' versus career counselors' perceptions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 99-113.
10.
Gati, I., Saka, N., & Krausz, M. (2001). Should I use a computer-assisted career guidance system? It depends on where your career decision-making difficulties lie. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 29, 301-321.
11.
Gore, P.A., Jr., & Leuwerke, W.C. (2000). Information technology for career assessment on the Internet. Journal of Career Assessment , 8, 3-19.
12.
Harris-Bowlsbey, J., Dikel, M.R., & Sampson, J.P. (1998). The Internet: A tool for career planning. Columbus, OH: National Career Development Association .
13.
Jerome, L.W., DeLeon, P.H., James, L.C., Folen, R., Earles, J., & Gedney, J.J. (2000). The coming of age of telecommunications in psychological research and practice. American Psychologist, 55, 407-421.
14.
Jepsen, D.A., & Dilley, J.S. (1974). Vocational decision making models: A review and comparative analysis. Review of Educational Research, 44, 331-349.
15.
Kalmar-Gome, T. (1999). Differences between those who seek career counseling and those who seek information in the career library, in the types and severity of their difficulties, their interests' crystallization and personality type . Unpublished master's thesis, University of Haifa, Israel .
16.
King, W.C., Jr., & Miles, E.W. (1995). A quasi-experimental assessment of the effect of computerizing noncognitive paper-and-pencil measurements: A test of measurement equivalence. Journal of Applied Psychology , 80, 643-651.
17.
Krumboltz, J.D. (1994). The Career Beliefs Inventory. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 424-428.
18.
Lancaster, P.L., Rudolph, C., Perkins, S., & Patten, T. (1999). Difficulties in career decision making: A study of the reliability and validity of the Career Decision Difficulties Questionnaire . Journal of Career Assessment, 7, 393-413.
19.
Matarazzo, J.D. (1986). Computerized clinical psychological test interpretations: Unvalidated plus all mean no sigma. American Psychologist , 41, 14-24.
20.
Mau, W.C. (2001). Assessing career decision-making difficulties: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Career Assessment, 9, 353-364.
21.
Mitchell, L.K., & Krumboltz, J.D. (1984). Research on human decision making: Implications for career decision making and counseling. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (pp. 238-280). New York: Wiley.
22.
Nevo, O. (1987). Irrational expectations in career counseling and their confronting arguments. Career Development Quarterly , 35, 239-250.
23.
Offer, M., & Sampson, J.P. (2000). Quality in the content and use of information and communications technology in guidance. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 27, 501-516.
24.
Oliver, L.W., & Chartrand, J.M. (2000). Strategies for career assessment research on the Internet. Journal of Career Assessment , 8, 95-103.
25.
Oliver, L.W., & Zack, J.S. (1999). Career assessment on the Internet: An exploratory study. Journal of Career Assessment, 7, 323-356.
26.
Osipow, S.H., Carney, C.G., & Barak, A. (1976). A scale of educational-vocational undecidedness: A typological approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 9, 233-243.
27.
Osipow, S.H., & Fitzgerald, L.F. (1996). Theories of career development (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
28.
Osipow, S.H., & Gati, I. (1998). Convergent and concurrent validity of the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire. Journal of Career Assessment, 6, 345-363.
29.
Osipow, S.H., & Winer, J. (1996). Career assessment and the Career Decision Scale . Journal of Career Assessment, 4, 117-130.
30.
Phillips, S.D. (1994). Choice and change: Convergence from the decision-making perspective. In M. L. Savickas & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Convergence in career development theories (pp. 155-163). Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press.
31.
Pitz, G., & Harren, V.A. (1980). An analysis of career decision making from the point of view of information processing and decision theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16, 320-346.
32.
Prince, J.P., Chartrand, J.M., & Silver, D.G. (2000). Constructing a quality career assessment site . Journal of Career Assessment, 8, 55-67.
33.
Reile, D.M., & Harris-Bowlsbey, J. (2000). Using the Internet in career planning and assessment. Journal of Career Assessment , 8, 69-84.
34.
Robinson, N.K., Meyer, D., Prince, J.P., McLean, C., & Low, R. (2000). Mining the Internet for career information: A model approach for college students. Journal of Career Assessment , 8, 37-54.
35.
Rogelberg, S.G. (1999). Informed decisions: Research-based practice notes . The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, 36, 69-77.
36.
Sampson, J.P. (1994). Factors influencing the effective use of computer-assisted careers guidance: The North American experience. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 22, 91-106.
37.
Sampson, J.P. (1999). Effective design and use of Internet-based career resources and services: A North American perspective. Educational and Vocational Guide Bulletin, 63, 4-11.
38.
Sampson, J.P. (2000a). Computer applications. In C. E. Watkins, Jr., & V. L. Campbell , (Eds.), Testing and assessment in counseling practice (2nd. ed., pp. 517-544). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
39.
Sampson, J.P. (2000b). Using the Internet to enhance testing in counseling . Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 348-355.
40.
Sampson, J.P., Jr., & Bloom, J.W. (2001). The potential for success and failure of computer applications in counseling and guidance. In D. C. Locke, J. E. Meyer , & E. L. Herr (Eds.). The handbook of counseling (pp. 613-627). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
41.
Sampson, J.P., & Lumsden, J.A. (2000). Ethical issues in the design and use of Internet-based career assessment. Journal of Career Assessment, 8, 21-35.
42.
Sampson J.P., Peterson, G.W., Lenz, J.G., & Reardon, R.C. (1998). The design and use of a measure of dysfunctional career thoughts among adults, college students, and high school students: The Career Thoughts Inventory. Journal of Career Assessment , 6, 115-134
Savickas, M.L., Carden, A.D., Toman, S., & Jarjoura, D. (1992). Dimensions of career decidedness. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 25, 102-112.
45.
Shimizu, K., Vondracek, F.W., & Schulenberg, J.E. (1994). Unidimensionality versus multidimensionality of the Career Decision Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 2, 1-14.
46.
Slaney, R.B. (1988). The assessment of career decision making. In W. B. Walsh & S. H. Osipow (Eds.), Career decision making (pp. 33-76). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
47.
Stanton, J.M. (1998). An empirical assessment of data collection using the Internet. Personal Psychology, 51, 709-725.
48.
Taylor, K.M., & Betz, N.E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22, 63-81.
49.
Turner, C.F., Ku, L., Rogers, S.M., Lindberg, L.D., & Pleck, J.H. (1998). Adolescents sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: Increased reporting with computer survey technology. Science , 280, 867-873.
50.
Walsh, W. B., & Osipow, S. H. (Eds.). (1988). Career decision making . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
51.
Zickar, M.J., Overton, R.C., Taylor, L.R., & Harms, H.J. (1999). The development of a computerized selection system for computer programmers in a financial services company. In F. Drasgow & J. B. Olson-Buchanan (Eds.), Innovations in computerized assessment (pp. 7-33). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
