Three inventories of self-efficacy or confidence with respect to the six Holland themes were compared in samples of European American and African American college students. Results indicated that the reliabilities of all subscales were sufficiently high for use in research and that all subscales were as reliable for African Americans as for European Americans. There were significant gender differences in confidence levels but few race differences. A multitrait-multimethod analysis indicated differential degrees of convergent and discriminant validity and the presence of method variance across the scales examined herein.
Bandura, A.
(1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
2.
Bandura, A.
(1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
3.
Betz, N. E.
(1999). Getting clients to act on their interests: Self-efficacy expectations as a mediator of the implementation of vocational interests. In M. L. Savickas & A. R. Spokane (Eds.), Occupational interests: Their meaning, measurement, and use in counseling (pp. 327-344). Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black.
4.
Betz, N. E.
(2000). Self-efficacy theory as a basis for career assessment. Journal of Career Assessment, 8, 205-222.
5.
Betz, N. E.
, & Borgen, F. H. (2000). Integrating vocational interests with self-efficacy and personal styles. Journal of Career Assessment, 8, 329-338.
6.
Betz, N. E.
, Borgen, F. H., & Harmon, L. W. (1996). Skills Confidence Inventory: Applications and technical guide. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
7.
Betz, N. E.
, Borgen, F. H., Kaplan, A., & Harmon, L. W. (1998). Gender as a moderator of the validity and interpretive utility of the Skills Confidence Inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 53, 1-19.
8.
Betz, N. E.
, & Hackett, G. (1981). The relationship of career-related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 399-410.
9.
Betz, N. E.
, Harmon, L., & Borgen, F. (1996). The relationships of self-efficacy for the Holland themes to gender, occupational group membership, and vocational interests. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 90-98.
10.
Campbell, D. T.
, & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitraitmultimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.
11.
Donnay, D. A. C.
, & Borgen, F. H. (1999). The incremental validity of vocational self-efficacy: An examination of interest, self-efficacy, and occupation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 432-447.
12.
Fouad, N. A.
(1993). Cross cultural vocational assessment. Career Development Quarterly, 42, 4-13.
13.
Gasser, C. E.
, Paulsen, A., Thomas, T., Hofer, K., Betz, N., & Rottinghaus, P. (2001, August). Expanding the Skills Confidence Inventory with basic confidence scales. Poster presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.
14.
Haase, R. F.
, & Ellis, M. V. (1987). Multivariate analyses of variance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 404-413.
15.
Harmon, L.
, Borgen, F., Bereth, J., King, J., Schauer, D., & Ward, C. (1996). The Skills Confidence Inventory: A measure of self-efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 4, 457-477.
16.
Holland, J. L.
(1985). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
17.
Holland, J. L.
(1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
18.
Isaacs, J.
, Borgen, F., Donnay, D., & Hansen, T. A. (1997, August). Self-efficacy and interests: Relationships of Holland themes to college major. Poster presented at annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago.
19.
Lapan, R. T.
, Boggs, K. R., & Morrill, W. H. (1989). Self-efficacy as a mediator of investigative and realistic general occupational themes on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 176-182.
20.
Lapan, R. T.
, Shaughnessy, P., & Boggs, K. (1996). Efficacy expectations and vocational interests as mediators between sex and choice of math/science college majors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49, 277-291.
21.
Lenox, R. A.
, & Subich, L. M. (1994). The relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and inventoried vocational interests. Career Development Quarterly, 42, 302-313.
22.
Lent, R. W.
, Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79-122.
23.
Lent, R. W.
, Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2000). Contextual supports and barriers to career choice: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 36-49.
24.
Nunnally, J.
, & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
25.
Parsons, E.
, & Betz, N. E. (1998). Test-retest reliability and validity studies of the Skills Confidence Inventory. Journal of Career Assessment, 6(1), 1-12.
26.
Samuda, R.
(1998). Psychological testing of American minorities. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
27.
Subich, L. M.
(1996). Addressing diversity in the process of career assessment. In M. L. Savickas & W. B. Walsh (Eds.), Handbook of career counseling theory and practice (pp. 277-290). Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black.
28.
Tracey, T. J. G.
, & Hopkins, N. (2001). Correspondence of interests and abilities with occupational choice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 178-190.
