The role of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. p16INK4 is used as a surrogate marker to detect HPV-related tumors but has had discrepant results in ESCC. In this study, 32 cases of ESCC were examined to determine the relationship between p16INK4 expression and high-risk HPV. All the tumors were stained by immunohistochemistry for p16INK4. Tumors having p16INK4 nuclear and/or nuclear and cytoplasmic expression were considered positive. Tumors positive for p16INK4 expression were tested for high-risk HPV by in situ hybridization (ISH). In all, 20 cases of ESCC (63%) showed only cytoplasmic staining for p16INK4, and 11 cases (34%) showed both cytoplasmic and nuclear staining for p16INK4; 4 cases (13%) showed no staining for p16INK4. None of the p16INK4 -positive cases were positive for high-risk HPV by ISH. These results indicate that p16INK4 expression in ESCC does not correlate with the presence of high-risk HPV DNA by ISH. High-risk HPV does not seem to play a major role in the carcinogenesis of ESCC in low-risk areas.
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