Goblet cell carcinoid (GCC) of the appendix is characterized by a dual differentiation of both endocrine and gland. This study, therefore, explores its clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features. The authors reviewed clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of 26 GCC cases in Southwest China between 1991 and 2009. The incidence is 0.0453%, with a gender ratio of 2.71:1 (19 males and 7 females). Three cases were combined with schistosomiasis, suggesting schistosomiasis may be associated with GCC. Eighteen cases available for immunohistochemistry showed a few scattered positive cells for CD56, NSE, CgA, and Syn; diffuse positive for CEA; and preserved positive for E-cadherin and β-catenin. Follow-up data showed that 1 patient died from peritoneal metastasis and that the other 17 cases survived free of the tumor. The authors characterize GCC as a special low-grade malignant carcinoma with a primary epithelial differentiation and little neuroendocrine differentiation. A combination of both histological features and immunoreactivity is needed to diagnose GCC.
Capella C., Solcia E., Sobin LH, Arnold R.Endocrine tumors of the appendix. In: Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA, eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Digestive System. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2000:99-101.
2.
Barshack I., Goldberg I., Chowers Y., Horowitz A., Kopolovic J.Different beta-catenin immunoexpression in carcinoid tumors of the appendix in comparison to other gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. Pathol Res Pract. 2002;198:531-536.
3.
Li CC, Hirowaka M., Qian ZR, Xu B., Sano T.Expression of E-cadherin, b-catenin, and Ki-67 in goblet cell carcinoids of the appendix: an immunohistochemical study with clinical correlation. Endocr Pathol. 2002;13:47-58.
4.
Gagne F., Fortin P., Dufour V., Delage C.Tumors of the appendix associating histologic features of carcinoid and adenocarcinoma [in French]. Ann Anat Pathol (Paris). 1969;14: 393-406.
5.
Subbuswamy SG , Gibbs NM, Ross CF, Morson BCGoblet cell carcinoid of the appendix. Cancer. 1974;34:338-344.
6.
Klein HZMucinous carcinoid tumor of the vermiform appendix. Cancer . 1974;33:770-777.
7.
Wolff M., Ahmed N.Epithelial neoplasms of the vermiform appendix (exclusive of carcinoid). I. Adenocarcinoma of the appendix. Cancer. 1976 ;37:2493-2510.
8.
Warkel RL, Cooper PH, Helwig EBAdenocarcinoid, a mucin-producing carcinoid tumor of the appendix: a study of 39 cases. Cancer. 1978;42:2781-2793.
9.
Isaacson P.Crypt cell carcinoma of the appendix (so-called adenocarcinoid tumor). Am J Surg Pathol. 1981;5:213-224.
10.
Riddell R., Petras RE, Williams GT, Sobin LHAtlas of tumor pathology, third series, fascicle 32. In: Tumors of the Intestines. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 2003: 279-323.
11.
Coskun H., Bostanci O., Dilege ME, et al. Carcinoid tumors of appendix: treatment and outcome. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2006;12:150-154.
12.
Blair NP, Bugis SP, Turner LJ, MacLeod MMReview of the pathologic diagnoses of 2,216 appendectomy specimens. Am J Surg. 1993;165:618-620.
13.
Chang ARAn analysis of the pathology of 3003 appendices. Aust N Z J Surg. 1981;51:169-178.
14.
Schmutzer KJ, Bayar M., Zaki AE, Regan JF, Poletti JBTumors of the appendix. Dis Colon Rectum. 1975;18: 324-331.
15.
Moertel CG, Dockerty MB, Judd ESCarcinoid tumors of the vermiform appendix. Cancer. 1968;21:270-278.
16.
Collins DC71,000 human appendix specimens. A final report, summarizing forty years’ study. Am J Proctol. 1963;14: 265-281.
Kanthan R., Saxena A., Kanthan SCGoblet cell carcinoids of the appendix: immunophenotype and ultrastructural study. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125:386-390.
19.
McCusker ME , Cote TR, Clegg LX, Sobin LHPrimary malignant neoplasms of the appendix: a population-based study from the surveillance, epidemiology and end-results program, 1973-1998. Cancer. 2002;94:3307-3312.
20.
Pahlavan PS , Kanthan R.Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix. World J Surg Oncol. 2005;3:36.
21.
Konishi T., Watanabe T., Muto T., Kotake K., Nagawa H.Site distribution of gastrointestinal carcinoids differs between races. Gut. 2006;55:1051-1052.
22.
Tang LH, Shia J., Soslow RA, et al. Pathologic classification and clinical behavior of the spectrum of goblet cell carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32: 1429-1443.
23.
Jatzko G., Kleinert R., Denk H.Schistosoma japanicum associated rectum carcinoma. Chirurg . 1997;68:727-731.
24.
Ibrahim KARare tumors of the intestines and rectum. Int Surg. 1977;62:611-615.
25.
Zhang R., Takahashi S., Orita S., et al. p53 gene mutations in rectal cancer associated with Schistosomiasis japonica in Chinese patients. Cancer Lett. 1998;131:215-221.
26.
Ch’en MC, Hu JC, Chang PY, et al. Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the colon and rectum in schistosomiasis japonica: a study on 90 cases. Chin Med J. 1965;84:513-525.
27.
Hashimoto Y. , Muratani A., Nishiyama H., et al. A case of colon cancer associated with schistosomiasis japonica [in Japanese]. Gan No Rinsho . 1986;32:815-818.
28.
Chirimwami B., Okonda L., Nelson AMLymphoma and Schistosoma mansoni schistosomiasis. Report of 1 case [in French]. Arch Anat Cytol Pathol. 1991;39:59-61.
29.
Satti MB, Al-Breiki H., Al-Quorain A.A rectal carcinoid in a patient with intestinal schistosomiasis: an unusual association. Trop Gastroenterol. 1988;9:18-22.
30.
Burke AP, Sobin LH, Federspiel BH, Shekitka KM, Helwig EBGoblet cell carcinoids and related tumors of the vermiform appendix. Am J Clin Pathol. 1990;94:27-35.
31.
Williams GTEndocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract-selected topics. Histopathology. 2007;50:30-41.
32.
Ramnani DM, Wistuba II, Behrens C., Gazdar AF, Sobin LH, Albores-Saavedra J.K-ras and p53 mutations in the pathogenesis of classical and goblet cell carcinoids of the appendix. Cancer. 1999;86:14-21.
33.
Burke AP, Sobin LH, Federspiel BH, Shekitka KMAppendiceal carcinoids: correlation of histology and immunohistochemistry . Mod Pathol. 1989;2:630-637.
34.
Grunwald GBThe structural and functional analysis of cadherin calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1993;5:797-805.
35.
Hermiston ML , Gordon JIInflammatory bowel disease and adenomas in mice expressing a dominant negative N-cadherin. Science. 1995;270:1203-1207.
36.
Solcia E., Kloppel G., Sobin LHHistological Typing of Endocrine Tumours. WHO International Histological Classification of Tumours. Berlin, Germany: Springer;2000.
