Characterization and Comparison of Precursors of Ovarian and Endometrial Carcinoma: Parts I and II

Singer G , Stöhr R , Cope L . Patterns of p53 mutations separate ovarian serous borderline tumors and low- and highgrade carcinomas and provide support for a new model of ovarian carcinogenesis: a mutational analysis with Immunohistochemical correlation. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005; 29: 218–224.

Shih I , Kurman RJ . Ovarian tumorigenesis: a proposed model based on morphological and molecular genetic analysis. Am J Pathol. 2004; 164: 1511–1518.

Kurman RJ , Shih I . Pathogenesis of ovarian cancer: lessons from morphology and molecular biology and their clinical implications. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2008; 27: 151–160.

Vogelstein B , Fearon ER , Hamilton SR . Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med. 1988; 319: 525–532.

Cirisano FD Jr , Robboy SJ , Dodge RK . Epidemiologic and surgicopathologic findings of papillary serous and clear cell endometrial cancers when compared to endometrioid carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1999; 74: 385–394.

Cirisano FD Jr , Robboy SJ , Dodge RK . The outcome of stage I-II clinically and surgically staged papillary serous and clear cell endometrial cancers when compared with endome-trioid carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2000; 77: 55–65.

Ronnett BM , Zaino R , Ellenson LH , Kurman RJ . Endometrial carcinoma. In Kurman RJ , ed. Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract. New York, NY: Springer; 2002: 501–559.

Kurman RJ , Kaminski PF , Norris HJ . The behavior of endome-trial hyperplasia. A long-term study of “untreated” hyperplasia in 170 patients. Cancer. 1985; 56: 403–412.

Bergeron C , Nogales FF , Masseroli M . A multicentric European study testing the reproducibility of the WHO classification of endometrial hyperplasia with a proposal of a simplified working classification for biopsy and curettage specimens. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999; 23: 1102–1108.

Kendall BS , Ronnett BM , Isacson C . Reproducibility of the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia, atypical hyper-plasia, and well-differentiated carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998; 22: 1012–1019.

Sherman ME , Ronnett BM , Ioffe OB . Reproducibility of biopsy diagnoses of endometrial hyperplasia: evidence supporting a simplified classification. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2008; 27: 318–325.

Baak JP , Kurver PH , Diegenbach PC . Discrimination of hyperplasia and carcinoma of the endometrium by quantitative microscopy-a feasibility study. Histopathology. 1981; 5: 61–68.

Baak JP . Further evaluation of the practical applicability of nuclear morphometry for the prediction of the outcome of atypical endometrial hyperplasia. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1986; 8: 46–48.

Mutter GL . Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN): will it bring order to chaos? The Endometrial Collaborative Group. Gynecol Oncol. 2000; 76: 287–290.

Mutter GL , Zaino RJ , Baak JP . Benign endometrial hyper-plasia sequence and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2007; 26: 103–114.

Lacey JV Jr , Mutter GL , Nucci MR . Risk of subsequent endometrial carcinoma associated with endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia classification of endometrial biopsies. Cancer. 2008; 113: 2073–2081.

Mutter GL , Lin MC , Fitzgerald JT . Altered PTEN expression as a diagnostic marker for the earliest endometrial pre-cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000; 92: 924–930.

Mutter GL . Pten, a protean tumor suppressor. Am J Pathol. 2001; 158: 1895–1898.

Myers MP , Pass I , Batty IH . The lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN is critical for its tumor supressor function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998; 95: 13513–13518.

Levine RL , Cargile CB , Blazes MS . PTEN mutations and microsatellite instability in complex atypical hyperplasia, a precursor lesion to uterine endometrioid carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1998; 58: 3254–3258.

Yoshinaga K , Sasano H , Furukawa T . The PTEN, BAX, and IGFIIR genes are mutated in endometrial atypical hyper-plasia. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1998; 89: 985–990.

Maxwell GL , Risinger JI , Gumbs C . Mutation of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in endometrial hyperplasias. Cancer Res. 1998; 58: 2500–2503.

Zaino RJ . Endometrial hyperplasia: is it time for a quantum leap to a new classification? Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2000; 19: 314–321.

Cirpan T , Terek MC , Mgoyi L . Immunohistochemical evaluation of PTEN protein in patients with endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia compared to endometrial adenocarcinoma and proliferative phase endometrium. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2006; 27: 389–392.

Burks RT , Kessis TD , Cho KR . Microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinoma. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 1163–1166.

Caduff RF , Johnston CM , Frank TS . Mutations of the Ki-ras oncogene in carcinoma of the endometrium. Am J Pathol. 1995; 146: 182–188.

Enomoto T , Inoue M , Perantoni AO . K-ras activation in premalignant and malignant epithelial lesions of the human uterus. Cancer Res. 1991; 51: 5308–5314.

Kobayashi K , Sagae S , Nishioka Y . Mutations of the beta-catenin gene in endometrial carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1999; 90: 55–59.

MacDonald ND , Salvesen HB , Ryan A . Frequency and prognostic impact of microsatellite instability in a large population-based study of endometrial carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 1750–1752.

Saegusa M , Hashimura M , Yoshida T . beta-Catenin mutations and aberrant nuclear expression during endometrial tumorigenesis. Br J Cancer. 2001; 84: 209–217.

Lax SF , Kendall B , Tashiro H . The frequency of p53, K-ras mutations, and microsatellite instability differs in uterine endometrioid and serous carcinoma: evidence of distinct molecular genetic pathways. Cancer. 2000; 88: 814–824.

Duggan BD , Felix JC , Muderspach LI . Early mutational activation of the c-Ki-ras oncogene in endometrial carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 1604–1607.

Duggan BD , Felix JC , Muderspach LI . Microsatellite instability in sporadic endometrial carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994; 86: 1216–1221.

Hendrickson M , Ross J , Eifel P . Uterine papillary serous carcinoma: a highly malignant form of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1982; 6: 93–108.

Sherman ME , Bitterman P , Rosenshein NB . Uterine serous carcinoma. A morphologically diverse neoplasm with unifying clinicopathologic features. Am J Surg Pathol. 1992; 16: 600–610.

Ambros RA , Sherman ME , Zahn CM . Endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma: a distinctive lesion specifically associated with tumors displaying serous differentiation. Hum Pathol. 1995; 26: 1260–1267.

Sherman ME , Bur ME , Kurman RJ . p53 in endometrial cancer and its putative precursors: evidence for diverse pathways of tumorigenesis. Hum Pathol. 1995; 26: 1268–1274.

Tashiro H , Isacson C , Levine R . p53 gene mutations are common in uterine serous carcinoma and occur early in their pathogenesis. Am J Pathol. 1997; 150: 177–185.

Harris CC , Hollstein M . Clinical implications of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 1318–1327.

Carcangiu ML , Chambers JT . Uterine papillary serous carcinoma: a study on 108 cases with emphasis on the prognostic significance of associated endometrioid carcinoma, absence of invasion, and concomitant ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1992; 47: 298–305.

Goff BA , Kato D , Schmidt RA . Uterine papillary serous carcinoma: patterns of metastatic spread. Gynecol Oncol. 1994; 54: 264–268.

Lee KR , Belinson JL . Papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: a clinicopathologic study of 19 cases. Gynecol Oncol. 1992; 46: 51–54.

Liang SX , Chambers SK , Cheng L . Endometrial glandular dysplasia: a putative precursor lesion of uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Part II: molecular features. Int J Surg Pathol. 2004; 12: 319–331.

Zheng W , Liang SX , Yu H . Endometrial glandular dys-plasia: a newly defined precursor lesion of uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Part I: morphologic features. Int J Surg Pathol. 2004; 12: 207–223.

Jia L , Liu Y , Yi X . Endometrial glandular dysplasia with frequent p53 gene mutation: a genetic evidence supporting its precancer nature for endometrial serous carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2008; 14: 2263–2269.

Burks RT , Sherman ME , Kurman RJ . Micropapillary serous carcinoma of the ovary. A distinctive low-grade carcinoma related to serous borderline tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996; 20: 1319–1330.

Seidman JD , Kurman RJ . Subclassification of serous borderline tumors of the ovary into benign and malignant types. A clinicopathologic study of 65 advanced stage cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996; 20: 1331–1345.

Longacre TA , McKenney JK , Tazelaar HD . Ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential (borderline tumors): outcome-based study of 276 patients with long-term (> or =5-year) follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005; 29: 707–723.

McKenney JK , Balzer BL , Longacre TA . Lymph node involvement in ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential (borderline tumors): pathology, prognosis, and proposed classification. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006; 30: 614–624.

Seidman JD , Kurman RJ . Ovarian serous borderline tumors: a critical review of the literature with emphasis on prognostic indicators. Hum Pathol. 2000; 31: 539–557.

Nakayama K , Nakayama N , Kurman RJ . Sequence mutations and amplification of PIK3CA and AKT2 genes in purified ovarian serous neoplasms. Cancer Biol Ther. 2006; 5: 779–785.

Sieben NL , Macropoulos P , Roemen GM . In ovarian neoplasms, BRAF, but not KRAS, mutations are restricted to low-grade serous tumours. J Pathol. 2004; 202: 336–340.

Singer G , Kurman RJ , Chang HW . Diverse tumori-genic pathways in ovarian serous carcinoma. Am J Pathol. 2002; 160: 1223–1228.

Singer G , Shih I , Truskinovsky A . Mutational analysis of K-ras segregates ovarian serous carcinomas into two types: invasive MPSC (low-grade tumor) and conventional serous carcinoma (high-grade tumor). Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2003; 22: 37–41.

Singer G , Oldt R III , Cohen Y . Mutations in BRAF and KRAS characterize the development of low-grade ovarian serous carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003; 95: 484–486.

Mayr D , Hirschmann A , Lohrs U . KRAS and BRAF mutations in ovarian tumors: a comprehensive study of invasive carcinomas, borderline tumors and extraovarian implants. Gynecol Oncol. 2006; 103: 883–887.

Ho CL , Kurman RJ , Dehari R . Mutations of BRAF and KRAS precede the development of ovarian serous borderline tumors. Cancer Res. 2004; 64: 6915–6918.

Kohler MF , Marks JR , Wiseman RW . Spectrum of mutation and frequency of allelic deletion of the p53 gene in ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993; 85: 1513–1519.

Kupryjanczyk J , Thor AD , Beauchamp R . p53 gene mutations and protein accumulation in human ovarian cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993; 90: 4961–4965.

Salani R , Kurman RJ , Giuntoli R . Assessment of TP53 mutation using purified tissue samples of ovarian serous carcinomas reveals a higher mutation rate than previously reported and does not correlate with drug resistance. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2008; 18: 487–491.

Bell DA , Scully RE . Early de novo ovarian carcinoma. A study of fourteen cases. Cancer. 1994; 73: 1859–1864.

Hutson R , Ramsdale J , Wells M . p53 protein expression in putative precursor lesions of epithelial ovarian cancer. Histopathology. 1995; 27: 367–371.

Werness BA , Parvatiyar P , Ramus SJ . Ovarian carcinoma in situ with germline BRCA1 mutation and loss of heterozygosity at BRCA1 and TP53. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000; 92: 1088–1091.

Piek JM , van Diest PJ , Zweemer RP . Dysplastic changes in prophylactically removed fallopian tubes of women predisposed to developing ovarian cancer. J Pathol. 2001; 195: 451–456.

Crum CP , Drapkin R , Miron A . The distal fallopian tube: a new model for pelvic serous carcinogenesis. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 19: 3–9.

Jarboe E , Folkins A , Nucci MR . Serous carcinogenesis in the fallopian tube: a descriptive classification. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2008; 27: 1–9.

Medeiros F , Muto MG , Lee Y . The tubal fimbria is a preferred site for early adenocarcinoma in women with familial ovarian cancer syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006; 30: 230–236.

Folkins AK , Jarboe EA , Saleemuddin A . A candidate precursor to pelvic serous cancer (p53 signature) and its prevalence in ovaries and fallopian tubes from women with BRCA mutations. Gynecol Oncol. 2008; 109: 168–173.