Working with families in which there have been incidences of child sexual abuse is one of the most challenging assignments for a family counselor. Beyond ethical and legal mandates for reporting such assaults, less is understood about the long-term effects on victims. After reviewing the literature on child sexual abuse and gender differences, this article critically examines the major approaches to understanding and treating such issues in family counseling. Clinicians are cautioned to examine their own assumptions about the meaning of such experiences for their clients. Implications are discussed for the practice of family counseling.
Adams-Westcott, J., & Isenbart, D. (1990). Using rituals to empower family members who have experienced child sexual abuse. In M. Durrant & C.White (Eds.), Ideas for therapy with sexual abuse (pp. 37-64). Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre.
2.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
3.
Barbarin, O. A., Richter, L., & deWet, T. (2001). Exposure to violence, coping resources, and psychological adjustment of South African children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(1), 16-25.
4.
Barrett, M. J., Trepper, T. S., & Stone Fish, L. (1990). Feminist-informed family therapy for the treatment of intrafamily child sexual abuse. Journal of Family Psychology, 4(2), 151-166.
5.
Berliner, L., & Briere, J. (1999). Trauma, memory, and clinical practice. In L. M. Williams & V. L. Banyard (Eds.), Trauma and memory (pp. 3-18). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
6.
Bolen, R. M., & Scannapieco, M. (1999). Prevalence of child sexual abuse: Corrective metanalysis. Social Science Review, 73, 281-313.
7.
Boroughs, D. S. (2004). Female sexual abusers of children. Children and Youth Services Review, 26, 481-487.
8.
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy and clinical practice. New York: Aronson.
9.
Bowers, K. S., & Farvolden, P. (1996). Revisiting a century-old Freudian slip—From suggestion disavowed to the truth repressed. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 355-380.
10.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Tavistock/Routledge.
11.
Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1955). Studies on hysteria (J. Strachey, Trans.). In J. Strachey & A. Freud (Eds.), The complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Standard ed., Vol. 2, pp. 240-251, 255-265). London: Hogarth. (Original work published 1893-1895)
12.
Briere, J. (1992). Child abuse trauma: Theory and treatment of the lasting effects. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
13.
Briere, J. (1997). Treating adults severely abused as children: The self-trauma model. In D. A. Wolfe, R. J. McMahon, & R. D. V. Peters (Eds.), Child abuse: New directions in prevention and treatment across the lifespan (pp. 177-204). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
14.
Briggs, F. (Ed.). (1995a). From victim to offender: How child sexual abuse victims become offenders. St Leonard's, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
15.
Briggs, F. (1995b). Postscript: Boys—The forgotten victims. In F. Briggs(Ed.), From victim to offender: How child sexual abuse victims become offenders (pp. 163-170). St Leonard's, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
16.
Cameron, C. (2000). Resolving childhood trauma: A long-term study of abuse survivors. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17.
Carter, I., & Parker, L. J. (1991). Intrafamilial sexual abuse in American Indian families. In M. Q. Patton (Ed.), Family sexual abuse: Frontline research and evaluation (pp. 106-117). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
18.
Cecil, H., & Matson, S. C. (2001). Psychological functioning and family discord among African-American adolescent females with and without a history of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 973-988.
19.
Chan, J. S., Elliott, J. M., Chow, Y., & Thomas, J. I. (2002). Does professional and public opinion in child abuse differ? An issue of cross-cultural policy implementation. Child Abuse Review, 11, 359-379.
20.
Cohen,Y. (2001). Early childhood traumatic development and its impact on gender identity. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 61(1), 23-41.
21.
Coid, J., Petruckevitch, A., Feder, G., Chung, W.-S., Richardson, J., & Moorey, S. (2001). Relation between childhood sexual and physical abuse and risk of revictimisation in women: A cross-sectional survey. The Lancet, 358(9280), 450-454.
22.
Colman, R. A., & Widom, C. S. (2004). Childhood abuse and neglect and adult intimate relationships: A prospective study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 1133-1151.
23.
Colton, M., & Vanstone, M. (1996). Betrayal of trust: Sexual abuse by men who work with children. London: Free Association Press.
24.
Courtois, C. A. (1997). Healing the incest wound: A treatment update with attention to recovered memory issues. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 51, 464-496.
25.
Crossley, M. L. (2000). Introducing narrative psychology: Self, trauma and the construction of meaning. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
26.
Dallam, S., Gleaves, D. H., Cepeda-Benito, A., Silberg, J. L., Kraemer, H. C., & Spiegel, D. (2001). The effects of child sexual abuse: Comment on Rind, Tomovitch and Bauserman. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 715-733.
27.
Darlington, Y. (1996). Moving on: Women's experiences of childhood sexual abuse and beyond. Sydney, Australia: Federation Press.
28.
Denov, M. S. (2003a). The myth of innocence: Sexual scripts and the recognition of child sexual abuse by female perpetrators. Journal of Sex Research, 40, 303-314.
29.
Denov, M. S. (2003b). To a safer place? Victims of sexual abuse by females and their disclosures to professionals. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 47-61.
30.
de Visser, R. O., Smith, A. M. A., Rissel, C. E., Richters, J., & Grulich, A. E. (2003). Experiences of sexual coercion among a representative sample of adults. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 27(2), 198-203.
31.
Dhaliwal, G. K., Gauzas, L., Antonowicz, D. H., & Ross, R. R. (1996). Adult male survivors of childhood sexual abuse: Prevalence, sexual abuse characteristics, and long-term effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 16, 619-639.
32.
Dolezal, C., & Carballo-Dieguez, A. (2002). Childhood sexual experiences and the perception of abuse among Latino men who have sex with men. Journal of Sex Research, 39(3), 165-173.
33.
Dorais, M. (2002). Don't tell: The sexual abuse of boys (D. Meyer, Trans.). Quebec, Canada: McGill-Queens.
34.
Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D. P., Williamson, D. F., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the lifespan: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(24), 3089-3096.
35.
Dunne, M. P., Purdie, D. M., Cook, M. D., Boyle, F. M., & Najam, J. M. (2003). Is child abuse declining? Evidence from a population-based survey of men and women in Australia. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 141-152.
36.
Durrant, M., & Kowalski, K. (1990). Overcoming the effects of sexual abuse: Developing a self-perception of competence. In M. Durrant & C.White (Eds.), Ideas for therapy with sexual abuse (pp. 65-110). Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre.
37.
Dutton, D. G. (1998). The abusive personality. New York: Guilford.
38.
Edwards, V. J., Holden, G. W., Felitti, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2003). Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: Results from the adverse childhood experiences study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1453-1460.
39.
Erickson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). New York: Norton.
40.
Etherington, K. (1997). Maternal sexual abuse of males. Child Abuse Review, 6, 107-117.
41.
Etherington, K. (2000). Narrative approaches to working with adult male survivors of child sexual abuse: The clients’, the counsellor's and the researcher's story. London: Jessica Kingsley.
42.
Fater, K., & Mullaney, J. A. (2000). The lived experiences of adult male survivors who allege childhood sexual abuse by clergy. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 21, 281-295.
43.
Feiring, C., Taska, L., & Lewis, M. (2002). Adjustment following sexual abuse discovery: The role of shame and attributional styles. Developmental Psychology, 38(1), 79-92.
44.
Ferenczi, S. (1909). Introjection and transference. Jahrbuch doe Psychoanalyse.
45.
Finkelhor, D. (1984). Child sexual abuse: New theory and research. New York: Free Press.
46.
Finkelhor, D., & Berliner, L. (1995). Research on the treatment of sexually abused children: A review and recommendations. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1408-1423.
47.
Finkelhor, D., & Browne, A. (1986). Initial and long-term effects: A conceptual framework. In D. Finkelhor (Ed.), A sourcebook on child sexual abuse (pp. 180-198). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
48.
Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G. T., Lewis, I.A., & Smith, C. (1990). Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics and risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 19-28.
49.
Fitzroy, L. (1997). Mother/daughter rape. In S. Cook & J.Bessant (Eds.), Women's encounters with violence: Australian experiences (pp. 40-54). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
50.
Freud, S. (1962). Three essays on the theory of sexuality (J. Strachey, Trans.). In J. Strachey & A. Freud (Eds.), The complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Standard ed., Vol. 7, pp. 173-206). London: Hogarth. (Original work published 1905)
51.
Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
52.
Gill, M., & Tutty, L. M. (1997). Sexual identity issues for male survivors of childhood sexual abuse: A qualitative study. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 6(3), 31-47.
53.
Gill, M., & Tutty, L. M. (1999). Male survivors of childhood sexual abuse: A qualitative study and issues for clinical consideration. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 7(3), 19-33.
54.
Glaister, J. A., & Abel, E. (2001). Experiences of women healing from childhood sexual abuse. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 15(4), 188-194.
55.
Gold, S. N. (2000). Not trauma alone: Therapy for child abuse survivors in family and social context. Philadelphia: Brunner/Routledge.
56.
Gold, S. N., Lucenko, B. A., Elhai, J. D., Swingle, J. M., & Sellers, A. H. (1999). A comparison of psychological/psychiatric symptomology of women and men sexually abused as children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23, 683-692.
57.
Gorey, K. M., & Leslie, D. R. (2001). Working toward a valid prevalence estimate of child sexual abuse: A reply to Bolen and Scannapieco. Social Science Review, 75(1), 151-158.
58.
Haaken, J., & Lamb, S. (2000). The politics of child sexual abuse research. Society, 37(4), 7-14.
59.
Hall, J. M. (2000). Women survivors of childhood abuse: The impact of traumatic stress on education and work. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 21, 443-471.
60.
Harvey, M. R., Mishler, E. G., Koenen, K., & Harney, P. A. (2000). In the aftermath of sexual abuse: Making and remaking meaning in narratives of trauma and recovery. Narrative Inquiry, 10, 291-311.
61.
Haugaard, J. J. (2000). The challenge of defining child sexual abuse. American Psychologist, 55, 1036-1039.
62.
Herman, J. L. (1981). Father-daughter incest. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
63.
Herman, J. L. (1995). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. In G. S. Everly & J. M. Lating (Eds.), Psychotraumatology: Key papers and core concepts in post-traumatic stress (pp. 87-97). New York: Plenum.
64.
Herman, J. L. (1996). Crime and memory. In C. B. Strozier & M. Flynn (Eds.), Trauma and self (pp. 3-17). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
65.
Himelein, M. J., & McElrath, J. A. V. (1996). Resilient child sexual abuse survivors: Cognitive coping and illusion. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 747-758.
66.
Hobfoll, S. E., Bansal, A., Schurg, R., Young, S., Pierce, C. A., Hobfoll, I., et al. (2002). The impact of perceived child physical and sexual abuse history on Native American women's psychological well-being and AIDS risk. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 252-257.
67.
Holmes, G. R., Offen, L., & Waller, G. (1997). See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil: Why do relatively few male victims of childhood sexual abuse receive help for abuse-related issues in adulthood?Clinical Psychology Review, 17(1), 69-88.
68.
Holmes, W. C., & Slap, G. B. (1998). Sexual abuse of boys: Definitions, prevalence, sequelae, and management. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 1855-1862.
69.
Horwitz, A. V., Widom, C. S., McLaughlin, J., & White, H. R. (2001). The impact of childhood abuse and neglect on adult mental health: A prospective study. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 42(2), 184-201.
70.
Hulme, P. A. (2004). Theoretical perspectives on the health problems of adults who experience childhood sexual abuse. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 25, 339-361.
71.
Johnson, S. M., Makinen, J. A., & Millikin, J. W. (2001). Attachment injuries in couple relationships: A new perspective on impasses in couples therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 27(2), 145-155.
72.
Jones, L. M., & Finkelhor, D. (2003). Putting together evidence on declining trends in sexual abuse: A complex puzzle. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 133-135.
73.
Jones, L. M., Finkelhor, D., & Kopiec, K. (2001). Why is sexual abuse declining? A survey of state child protection administrators. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1139-1158.
74.
Kalichman, S. C., Benotsch, E., Rompa, D., Gore-Felton, C., Austin, J., Luke, W., et al. (2001). Unwanted sexual experiences and sexual risks in gay and bisexual men: Associations among revictimization, substance use, and psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Sex Research, 38(1), 1-9.
75.
Kamsler, A. (1990). Her-story in the making: Therapy with women who were sexually abused in childhood. In M. Durrant & C.White (Eds.), Ideas for therapy with sexual abuse (pp. 9-36). Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre.
76.
Kaufman, G. (1989). The psychology of shame. New York: Springer Verlag.
77.
Kessler, B. L., & Bieschke, K. J. (1999). A retrospective analysis of shame, dissociation, and adult victimization in survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 335-341.
78.
King, M. B., Coxell, A., & Mezey, G. C. (2000). The prevalence and characteristics of male sexual assault. In G. C. Mezey & M. B. King (Eds.), Male victims of sexual assault (2nd ed., pp. 1-15). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
79.
Klein, M. (1946). Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 27, 99-110.
80.
Korbin, J. E. (2002). Culture and child maltreatment: Cultural competence and beyond. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 637-644.
81.
Krzowski, S. (1997). Working with adult incest survivors. In M. Laurence & M.Maguire (Eds.), Psychotherapy with women: Feminist perspectives (pp. 160-172). Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan.
82.
Laing, L., & Kamsler, A. (1990). Putting an end to secrecy: Therapy with mothers and children following disclosure of child sexual assault. In M. Durrant & C. White (Eds.), Ideas for therapy with sexual abuse(pp. 159-181). Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre.
83.
Leary, D., & Minichiello, V. (in press). Exploring the interpersonal relationships in street-based male sex work: Results from an Australian qualitative study. Journal of Homosexuality.
84.
Lev-Wiesel, R. (2000). Quality of life in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse who have undergone therapy. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 9(1), 1-13.
85.
Lewis, H. B. (1987). Shame and the narcissistic personality. In D. L. Nathanson (Ed.), The many faces of shame (pp. 93-132). New York: Guilford.
86.
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2002). When worlds collide: Social science, politics, and the Rind et al (1998) child sexual abuse meta-analysis. American Psychologist, 57(3), 176-188.
87.
Lindsay, D. S., & Briere, J. (1997). The controversy regarding recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Pitfalls, bridges, and future directions. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 631-647.
88.
Little, L., & Hamby, S. L. (1999). Gender differences in sexual abuse outcomes and recovery experiences: A survey of therapist-survivors. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 378-385.
89.
Loftus, E. F., Garry, M., & Feldman, J. (1994). Forgetting sexual trauma: What does it mean when 38% forget?Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 1177-1181.
90.
MacMillan, H. L., Fleming, J. E., Streiner, D. L., Lin, E., Boyle, M. H., Jamieson, E., et al. (2001). Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1878-1883.
91.
Masson, J. (1992). The assault on truth: Freud and child sexual abuse. London: Fontana.
92.
McCann, L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(1), 131-149.
93.
McCarthy, T. (1997). Rethinking theories of victimology: Men's violence against women. In S. Cook & J. Bessant (Eds.), Women's encounters with violence: Australian experiences (pp. 127-144). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
94.
Minuchin, S., & Fishman, H. C. (1981). Family therapy techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
95.
Nelson, B. S., & Wampler, K. S. (2000). Systemic effects of trauma in clinic couples: An exploratory study of secondary trauma resulting from childhood abuse. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 26(2), 171-184.
96.
Neumann, D. A., Houskamp, B. M., Pollock, V. E., & Briere, J. (1996). The long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse in women: A meta-analytic review. Child Maltreatment, 1(1), 6-16.
97.
Noll, J. G., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (2003). A prospective investigation of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the development of sexuality. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 575-586.
98.
Oellerich, T. D. (2000). Rind, Tromovitch, and Bauserman: Politically incorrect—Scientifically correct. Sexuality & Culture, 4(2), 67-81.
99.
Palmer, S. E., Brown, R. A., Rae-Grant, N. I., & Loughlin, M. J. (2001). Survivors of childhood sexual abuse: Their reported experiences with professional help. Social Work, 46(2), 136-145.
100.
Phillips, A., & Daniluk, J. C. (2004). Beyond “survivor”: How childhood sexual abuse informs the identity of adult women at the end of the therapeutic process. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82(2), 177-184.
101.
Putnam, F. W. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 269-278.
102.
Rak, C. F., & Patterson, L. E. (1996). Promoting resilience in at-risk children. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 368-373.
103.
Ray, S. L. (1996). Adult male survivors of incest: An exploratory study. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 5(3), 103-114.
104.
Ray, S. L. (2001). Male survivors’ perspectives of incest/sexual abuse. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 37(2), 49-64.
105.
Rencken, R. H. (2000). Brief and extended interventions in sexual abuse. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
106.
Reyes, C. J., Kotovic, A. M., & Cosden, M. A. (1996). Sexually abused children's perceptions: How they may change treatment focus. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27, 588-591.
107.
Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bausermen, R. (1998). A meta-analysis of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124(1), 22-53.
108.
Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bausermen, R. (2001). The validity and appropriateness of methods, analyses, and conclusions in Rind et al. (1998): A rebuttal of victimological critique from Ondersma et al. (2001) and Dallam et al. (2001). Psychological Bulletin, 127, 734-758.
109.
Romans, S. E., Martin, J. L., & Morris, E. M. (1999). Defense styles of women who have experienced child sexual abuse: A comparative community study. In L. M. Williams & V. L. Banyard (Eds.), Trauma and memory (pp. 291-298). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
110.
Rutter, M., Giller, H., & Hagell, A. (1998). Antisocial behavior in young people. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
111.
Salter, D., McMillan, D., Richards, M., Talbot, T., Hodges, J., Bentovim, A., et al. (2003). Development of sexually abusive behaviour in sexually victimised males: A longitudinal study (Articles). The Lancet, 361(9356), 471-476.
112.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1994). What you can change and what you can't. New York: Knopf.
113.
Sigmon, S. T., Greene, M. P., Rohan, K. J., & Nichols, J. E. (1996). Coping and adjustment in male and female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 5(3), 57-75.
114.
Stanley, J. L., Bartholomew, K., & Oram, D. (2004). Gay and bisexual men's age-discrepant childhood sexual experiences. Journal of Sex Research, 41, 381-389.
115.
Stubenbort, K., Greeno, C., Mannarino, A. P., & Cohen, J. A. (2002). Attachment quality and post-treatment functioning following sexual trauma in young adolescents: A case series presentation. Clinical Social Work Journal, 30(1), 23-30.
116.
Summit, R. C. (1983). The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome. Child Abuse & Neglect, 7, 177-193.
117.
Terr, L. C. (2003). “Wild child”: How three principles of healing organized 12 years of psychotherapy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1401-1409.
118.
Thomas, P. M. (2003). Protection, dissociation, and internal roles: Modeling and treating the effects of child abuse. Review of General Psychology, 7, 364-380.
119.
Tomeo, M. E., Templer, D. I., Anderson, S., & Kotler, D. (2001). Comparative data of childhood and adolescent molestation in heterosexual and homosexual persons. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30, 535-541.
120.
Valente, S. M. (2005). Sexual abuse of boys. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 18(1), 10-16.
121.
van der Kolk, B. A. (1996). Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York: Guilford.
122.
van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, A. C., & van der Hart, O. (1996). A general approach to treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In B. A. van der Kolk,A. C. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society (pp. 417-439). New York: Guilford.
123.
Wakefield, H., & Underwager, R. (1994). Return of the furies: An investigation into recovered memory therapy. Chicago: Open Court.
124.
Ward, E. (1984). Father-daughter rape. London: Women's Press.
125.
Watkins, B., & Bentovim, A. (2000). Male children and adolescents as victims: A review of current knowledge. In G. C. Mezey & M. B. King (Eds.), Male victims of sexual assault (2nd ed., pp. 35-77). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
126.
West, D. J. (1998). Boys and sexual abuse: An English opinion. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27, 539-559.
127.
White, M. (1989). The conjoint therapy of men who are violent and the women with whom they live. In M. White (Ed.), Selected papers (pp. 101-105). Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre.
128.
White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York: Norton.
129.
Williams, L. M. (1994). Recall of childhood trauma: A prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 1167-1176.
130.
Williams, L. M., & Banyard, V. L. (1997). Gender and recall of child sexual abuse. In R. D. Read & D. S. Lindsay (Eds.), Recollections of trauma: Scientific evidence and clinical practice (pp. 371-377). New York: Plenum.
