This article explores partnership role discrepancies as perceived by couples. Image exchange highlights the benefits of mutually shared role perceptions and normative expectations of marital partners. Relevant theory and practice recommendations are offered.
Adler, A. (1938). Social interest: A challenge to mankind. London: Faber & Faber.
2.
Adler, A. (1970). Fundamentals of individual psychology. Journal of Individual Psychology, 26, 36-49.
3.
Bass, B. M., Krusell, J., & Alexander, R. A. (1972). Male managers’ attitudes toward working women. American Behavioral Scientist, 15, 221-236.
4.
Beauregard, K. S., & Dunning, D. (2001). Defining self-worth: Trait self-esteem moderates the use of self-serving trait definitions in social judgment. Motivation and Emotion, 25(2), 135-159.
5.
Beck, U. (1998). Democracy without enemies (M. Ritter, Trans.). Cambridge, UK: Polity.
6.
Beck, U. (1999). World risk society. Maiden, MA: Blackwell.
7.
Bem, S. L. (1975). Sex-role adaptability. One consequence of psychological androgyny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 634-643.
8.
Bem, S. L., Martyna, W., & Watson, C. (1976). Sex typing and androgyny: Further explorations of the expressive domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1016-1023.
9.
Bevan, T. (Producer), & Frears, S. (Director). (2000). High fidelity [Motion picture]. United States: Touchstone.
10.
Brown, J. D., Dutton, K. A., & Cook, K. E. (2001). From the top down: Self-esteem and self-evaluation. Cognition and Emotion, 15(5), 615-631.
11.
Connidis, I. A., & McMullin, J. A. (2002a). Ambivalence, family ties and doing sociology. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64(3), 594-601.
12.
Connidis, I. A., & McMullin, J. A. (2002b). Sociological ambivalence and family ties: A critical perspective. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64(3), 558-567.
13.
Cron, E. A. (2002). Couple Rating Scale: Clarifying problem areas. The Family Journal, 8(3), 302-305.
14.
Deaux, K. (1976). The behavior of women and men. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
15.
Dinkmeyer, D., & Eckstein, D. (1996). Leadership by encouragement. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
16.
Downs, K. J. (2003). Family commitment role perceptions, social support, and mutual children in remarriage: A test of uncertainty reduction theory. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 40(1/2), 35-54.
17.
Dreikurs, R. (1967). Psychodynamics, psychotherapy, and counseling. Chicago: Alfred Adler Institute.
18.
Eckstein, D. (1993). Games married couples play: Two theoretical perspectives. The Family Journal, 1(2), 173-176.
19.
Eckstein, D. (1994). Force-field analysis as an aid in decision making by couples. The Family Journal, 2(4), 371-373.
20.
Eckstein, D. (1997). Styles of conflict management. The Family Journal, 5(4), 240-244.
21.
Eckstein, D. (2001). The couple’s gender-based communication questionnaire. The Family Journal, 9(1), 62-75.
22.
Eckstein, D. (2002a). The #1 priority questionnaire (#1 PQ) for couples and families. The Family Journal, 10(4), 439.
23.
Eckstein, D. (2002b). The Couple’s Enneagram Questionnaire (CEQ). The Family Journal, 10(1), 101-109.
24.
Eckstein, D. (2002c). Thepet relationship impact inventory. The Family Journal, 8(2), 192-199.
25.
Eckstein, D. (2003). A F.A.M.I.L.Y. approach to self-care: Creating a healthy balance. The Family Journal, 9(3), 327-337.
26.
Eckstein, D. (2004). The As and Hs of healthy and unhealthy relationships: Three relationship renewal activities. The Family Journal, 12(4), 414-419.
27.
Eckstein, D. (2006). Planned renegotiation: A preventative model for marriage and family counseling. Relationship repair. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford.
28.
Eckstein, D., & Axford, D. J. (1999). Loving and being loved: Commitment implications. The Family Journal, 7(2), 185-187.
29.
Eckstein, D., & Cohen, L. (1998). The couple’s relationship satisfaction inventory (CRSI): 21 points to help enhance and build a winning relationship. The Family Journal, 6(2), 155-159.
30.
Eckstein, D., & Cooke, P. (2005). The seven methods of encouragement for couples. The Family Journal, 13(3), 342-351.
31.
Eckstein, D., & Ford, R. M. (1999). The role of temperament in understanding couple’s personality preferences. The Family Journal, 7(3), 298-299.
32.
Eckstein, D., & Grassa, L. (2005). For couples and families: The Nonviolent Relationship Questionnaire (NVRQ). The Family Journal, 13(2), 205-212.
33.
Eckstein, D., & Jones, J. D. (1998). Thirty-three suggestions for relationship renewal. The Family Journal, 6(4), 334-337.
34.
Eckstein, D., Leventhal, M., Bentley, S., & Kelley, S. A. (1999). Relationships as a “Three-legged sack race.”The Family Journal, 7(4), 399-406.
35.
Eckstein, D., & Morrison, J. (1999). Exploring different expression of love. The Family Journal, 7(1), 75-77.
36.
Eckstein, D., & Shapiro, S. (2004). The guiding self-ideal questionnaire (GSIQ): 12 personality relationship implications. The Family Journal, 12(3), 292-312.
37.
Eckstein, D., Welch, D. V., & Gamber, V. (2001). The process of early recollection reflection (PERR) for couples and families. The Family Journal, 9(2), 203-210.
38.
Elkind, D. (1967). Egocentrism in adolescence. Child Development, 38(4), 1025-1035.
39.
Epstein, C. F. (1970). Woman’s place: Options and limits in professional careers. Berkeley: University of California Press.
40.
Erickson, E. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
41.
Flora, C. (2005). Mirror mirror: Seeing yourself as others see you. Psychology Today, 38(3), 52-58.
42.
Gordon, R. E., & Hall, D. T. (1974). Self-image and stereotypes of femininity: Their relationship to women’s role conflicts and coping. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 241-243.
43.
Haley, J. (1973). Uncommon therapy: The psychiatric techniques of Milton H. Erickson. New York: W. W. Norton.
44.
Hall, D. T., & Gordon, F. E. (1973). Career choices of married women: Effects on conflict, role behavior and satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 58, 42-48.
45.
Jackson, E. F. (1962). Status consistency and symptoms of stress. American Sociological Review, 27, 469-480.
46.
Kortman, S. A., & Eckstein, D. (2004). Winnie-the-Pooh: A “Honey-Jar” for me and for you. The Family Journal, 12(1), 67-78.
47.
Lessin, A., Lessin, J., Eckstein, D., & Kaufman, J. (2005). Five ways of assessing relationship satisfaction. The Family Journal, 13(4), 491-495.
48.
Mansager, E., & Eckstein, D. (2002). The transformative experience questionnaire (TEQ): Spirituality in a couple context. The Family Journal, 10(2), 227-234.
49.
Markus, M. (1970). Women and work: Feminine emancipation at an impasse. Impact of Science of Society, 20, 61-72.
50.
Mast, M. S. (2005). Interpersonal hierarchy expectation: Introduction of a new construct. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84(3), 287-296.
51.
Neff, L. A., & Karney, B. R. (2005). To know you is to love you: The implications of global adoration and specific accuracy for marital relationships. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 88(3), 480-498.
52.
Page, L. J., & Eckstein, D. (2003). The Full Resource Partnering Questionnaire (FRPQ). The Family Journal, 11(4), 413-419.
53.
Pollock, A. D., Die, A. H., & Marriott, R. G. (2001). Relationship of communication style to egalitarian marital role expectations. Journal of Social Psychology, 130(5), 619-624.
54.
Rankin, K. P., Baldwin, E., Pace-Savitsky, C., Kramer, J. H., & Miller, B. L. (2005). Self awareness and personality change in dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 76(5), 632-640.
55.
Rossi, A. S. (1972). The roots of ambivalence in American women. In J. M. Bardwick (Ed.), Readings on the psychology of women (pp. 125-127). New York: Harper & Row.
56.
Sarbin, T. R., & Allen, V. L. (1968). Role theory. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 488-567). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
57.
Sarnoff, D. P., & Sarnoff, P. (2005). Assessing interactive creativity in couples. The Family Journal, 13(1), 83-87.
58.
Whiffen, V. E. (2005). The role of partner characteristics in attachment in security and depressive symptoms. Personal Relationships, 12(3), 407-424.