An extensive body of work has tried to assess changes in the relative power of Congress and the president in passing new laws. Most of this work has used the lenses provided by modernization theory and political time theory to explain shifts in the political balance of power. In this paper I provide evidence to show that the long neglected constitutional approach is at least as important as the others if we wish to understand the relative legislative power of the two branches of government over time.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Barber, James David.1977. The Presidential Character. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2.
Bond, Jon, and Richard Fleisher.1990. The President in the Legislative Arena. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3.
Brownlow, Louis.1937. Report of the President's Committee on Administrative Management. 74th Cong., 2nd sessWashington, DC: Government Printing Office.
4.
Buchanan, James M., and Gordon Tullock.1962. The Calculus of Consent. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press.
5.
Bureau of National Literature.1911- 1913. Messages and Papers of the Presidents. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
6.
Chamberlain, Lawrence.1946. The President, Congress and LegislationNew York: Columbia University Press.
7.
Coolidge, Calvin.1927. The Price of Freedom. New York: Scribner's.
8.
—. 1965. Calvin Coolidge Papers. Washington, DC: Library of Congress Microfilm.
9.
Crowin, Edward S.1957. The President: Office and Powers. New York: New York University Press.
Degler, Carl.1963. "The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover." Yale Review52: 563-83.
12.
Edwards, George C. III. 1984. "Studying the Presidency." In Michael Nelson, ed., The Presidency and the Political System. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
13.
Edwards, George C. III, and Stephen J. Wayne.1990. Presidential Leadership: Politics and Policy Making, 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin's Press.
14.
Fiorina, Morris.1992. Divided Government. New York: Macmillan.
15.
Fisher, Louis.1987. The Politics of Shared Power, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
16.
Ford, Henry James.1898. The Rise and Growth of American Politics. New York: Macmillan.
17.
Goldman, Perry M., and James Sterling Young, eds. 1973. Congressional Directories 1789-1840. New York: Columbia University Press.
18.
Gormley, William T., Jr. 1989. Taming the Bureaucracy: Muscles, Prayers, and Other StrategiesPrinceton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
19.
Heclo, Hugh.1977. A Government of Strangers: Executive Politics in Washington. Washington, DC: Brookings.
20.
Huntington, Samuel P.1973. "Congressional Responses to the Twentieth Century." In David B. Truman, ed., The Congress and America's Future. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
21.
Keller, Morton.1988. "Powers and Rights: Two Centuries of American Constitutionalism ." In David Thelen, ed., The Constitution and American Life. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
22.
Kernell, Samuel.1986. Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership . Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
23.
King, Anthony.1975. "Executives." In Fred Greenstein and Nelson Polsby, eds., Handbook of Political Science. Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley.
24.
King, Gary, and Lyn Ragsdale.1988. The Elusive Executive. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
25.
LeLoup, Lance T., and Steven A. Shull .1993. Congress and the President: The Policy Connection. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
26.
Lippman, Walter.1955. Essays in the Public Philosophy. New York: Mentor. Lowenberg, Gerhard, Samuel C. Patterson , and Malcolm E. Jewell, eds. 1985. Handbook of Legislative Research. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
27.
Lowi, Theodore J.1964. "American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies and Political Theory" World Politics16 (July): 677-715.
28.
—. 1985. The Personal President. Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press. Mayhew, David R.1991. Divided We Govern. New Haven: Yale University Press. Mezey, Michael L.1989. Congress, the President, and Public Policy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
29.
—. 1991. "The Legislature, the Executive, and Public Policy: The Futile Quest for Congressional Power." In James A. Thurber, ed., Divided Democracy: Cooperation and Conflict between the President and Congress. Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear.
30.
Moe, Ronald C., and Steven C. Teel.1971. "Congress as Policy-Maker: A Necessary Reappraisal." In RonaldC. Moe, ed., Congress and the President. Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear.
31.
Murphy, James W., ed. 1923. Speeches and Addresses of Warren G. Harding. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
32.
Neustadt, Richard E.1960. Presidential Power. New York: Wiley.
33.
Peterson, Mark. 1990. Legislating Together. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
34.
Pious, Richard M.1979. The American Presidency. New York: Basic Books. Romasco, Albert U.1975. "Hoover-Roosevelt and the Great Depression: A Historiographic Inquiry into a Perennial Comparison ." In John Braeman, Robert Bremmer, and David Brody, eds., The New Deal: The National Level. Columbus : Ohio State University Press.
35.
Roosevelt, Franklin.1938-1950. The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. New York: Random House.
36.
Rossiter, Clinton.1960. The American Presidency, rev. ed. New York: Mentor.
37.
Rundquist, Barry S., and Gerald S. Strom .1987. "Bill Construction in Legislative Committees: A Study of the U.S. House." Legislative Studies Quarterly12 (1): 97-113.
38.
Shaw, Albert, ed. 1924. The Messages and Papers of Woodrow Wilson. New York: Review of Reviews Corporation.
39.
Sherman, William. 27 July 1990. Interview.
40.
Skowronek, Stephen.1984. "Presidential Leadership in Political Time." In Michael Nelson, ed., The Presidency and the Political System. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, Inc.
41.
—. 1986. "Notes on the Presidency in the Political Order." Studies in American Politial Development1: 286-302.
42.
Smith, Rogers, 1990. The New Non-Science of Politics: On Turns to History in Political Science. Prepared for the CSST Conference, October 5
43.
Sperlich, Peter W.1975. "Bargaining and Overload: An Essay on Presidential Power ." In Aaron Wildavsky, ed., Perspectives on the Presidency. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
44.
Spitzer, Robert J.1983. "Presidential Policy Determinism: How Policies Frame Congressional Responses to the President's Legislative Program." Presidential Studies Quarterly13 (Fall): 556-74.
45.
Stanwood, Edward.1898. History of the Presidency from 1788-1897. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
46.
Sundquist, James L.1980. "The Crisis of Competence in Our National Govemment." Political Science Quarterly95: 183-208.
47.
U.S. President.1965. Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States . Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
48.
Wilson, Joan Huff.1975. Herbert Hoover, Forgotten ProgressiveBoston, MA: Little, Brown.
49.
Wilson, Woodrow.1885. Congressional Government. Boston, MA : Houghton Mifflin.
50.
—. 1911. Constitutional Government in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press.
51.
Woodward, Augustus B.1825. The Presidency of the United States. New York: D. Van Veghten.
