Abramson, P., and J. Aldrich.1982. "The Decline of Electoral Participation in America." American Political Science Review76: 502-21.
2.
Ashenfelter, O., and S. Kelley, Jr.1975. "Determinants of Participation in Presidential Elections." Journal of Law and Economics18: 695-733.
3.
Balch, G.1974. "Multiple Indicators in Survey Research: The Concept of 'Sense of Efficacy'." Political Methodology1: 1-44.
4.
Blydenburgh, J.C.1971. "Probit Analysis: A Method of Coping with Dichotomous Dependent Variables." Social Science Quarterly. 51: 889-99.
5.
Brody, R.1978. "The Puzzle of Political Participation in America ." In The New American Political System, ed. A. King.Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
6.
Burnham. W.D.1981. "The 1980 Earthquake: Realignment, Reaction, or What?" In The Hidden Election, ed. Thomas Ferguson and Joel Rogers.New York: Pantheon Books.
7.
Caddell, Patrick H., and Albert C. Pierce .1976. "Alienation and Politics: What is the Electorate Telling Us?" In Voters, Primaries, and Parties, ed. A. C. Pierce. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
8.
Cassel, C. and D.B. Hill.1981. "Explanations of Turnout Decline." American Politics Quarterly9: 181-94.
9.
_. 1983. "Communications: Comment on Abramson and Aldrich." American Political Science Review.77: 1011-12.
10.
Converse, P.E.1972. "Change in the American Electorate." In The Human Meaning of Social Change, ed. A. Campbell and P. Converse.New York: Russel Sage.
11.
Dean, D.G.1960. "Alienation and Political Apathy." Social Forces38: 185-89.
12.
Easton, D., and J. Dennis.1969. Children in the Political System: Origins of Political Legitimacy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
13.
Erikson, R.S., N.R. Luttebeg, and K.L. Tedin.1980. American Public Opinion. New York: Wiley.
14.
Ferejohn, J., and M. Fiorina.1974. "The Paradox of Not Voting." American Political Science Review69: 525-36.
15.
Finifter, A.W.1970. "Dimensions of Political Alienation." American Political Science Review65: 389-410.
16.
Flanigan, W.H., and N. Zingale.1983. Political Behavior of the American Electorate . 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
17.
Gilmour, R.S., and R.B. Lamb.1975. Political Alienation in Contemporary America. New York: St. Martin's Press.
18.
Hadley, A.1978. The Empty Polling Booth. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
19.
Hout, M., and D. Knoke.1975. "Change in Voter Turnout, 1952-1972 ." Public Opinion Quarterly39: 52-68.
20.
Maddox, W.S.1980. "Candidate Images Among Voters and Nonvoters." American Politics Quarterly8: 209-20.
21.
Nisbet, R.A.1976. "The Costs of Voting and Nonvoting." Public Choice27: 115-19.
22.
Perry, P.1973. "A Comparison of the Voting Preferences of Likely Voters and Likely Nonvoters." Public Opinion Quarterly37: 99-109.
23.
Pindyck, R.S., and D. Rubenfeld.1976. Economic Models and Economic Forecasts . New York: McGraw-Hill.
24.
Reiter, H.L.1979. "Why is Turnout Down?" Public Opinion Quarterly43: 297-311.
25.
Rosenstone, S.J., and R.E. Wolfinger.1978. "The Effect of Registration Laws on Voter Turnout." American Political Science Review72: 22-45.
26.
Seeman, M.1959. "On the Meaning of Alienation." American Sociological Review24: 783-91.
27.
Shaffer, S.D.1981. "A Multivariate Explanation of Decreasing Turnout in Presidential Elections, 1960-1976." American Journal of Political Science25: 68-95.
28.
Sigelman, L.1982. "The Nonvoting Voter in Voting Research." American Journal of Political Science26: 47-57.
29.
Struening, E., and A. Richardson.1950. "A Factor Analytic Exploration of Alienation, Anomie, and Authoritarian Domain." American Sociological Review30: 768-76.
30.
Wolfinger, R.E., and S.J. Rosenstone .1980. Who Votes?New Haven: Yale University Press.