Social Background Characteristics of Nonpartisan City Council Members

Adrian, C. 1951. "Some General Characteristics of Nonpartisan Elections ." American Political Science Review 46 (September): 766-76.

Cassel, C. 1985. "The Nonpartisan Ballot in the United States," in B. Grofman and A. Lijphart, eds. Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences New York: Agathon.

Engstrom, R. and J. Pezant. 1975. "Candidate Attraction to the Politicized Councilmanic Office: A Note on New Orleans." Social Science Quarterly (March): 975-82.

Feld, R. , and D. Lutz. 1972. "Recruitment to the Houston City Council ." Journal of Politics 34 (August): 924-33.

Hawley, W. 1973. Nonpartisan Elections and the Case for Party Politics . New York: Wiley.

Karnig, A. , and B.O. Walter. 1977. "Municipal Elections: Registration, Incumbent Success, and Voter Participation." The Municipal Yearbook 1977, pp. 65-72. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

Lee, E. 1960. The Politics of Nonpartisanship: A Study of California City Elections. Berkeley: University of California Press.

_. 1963. "City Elections: A Statistical Profile." The Municipal Yearbook 1963. Chicago: International City Management Association, 74-84.

Rogers, C. , and H. Arman. 1971. "Nonpartisanship and Election to City Office." Social Science Quarterly 51 (March): 941-45.

Sanders, H.T. 1979. "Governmental Structure in American Cities." The Municipal Yearbook 1979, pp. 97-112. Washington, D.C. : International City Management Association.

_. 1982. "The Government of American Cities: Continuity and Change in Structure." The Municipal Yearbook 1982, pp. 178-86. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.