Women as Criminal Defendants: a Test for Paternalism

Aldrich, John , and Charles Cnudde. 1975. "Probing the Bounds of Conventional Wisdom: A Comparison of Regression, Probit and Discriminant Analysis." American Journal of Political Science 19 (August): 571-608.

Baab, George William , and William Royal Furgeson , Jr. 1967. "Texas Sentencing Practices: A Statistical Study." Texas Law Review 45 (February): 471-503.

Bernstein, Ilene H. , John Cardascia , and Catherine Ross. 1979. "Defendant's Sex and Criminal Court Decisions." In R. Alvarez , ed., Discrimination in Organizations . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Cameron, Mary B. 1953. "Department Store Shoplifting." Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University.

Chesney-Lind, Meda. 1973. "Judicial Enforcement of the Female Role." Issues in Criminology 8 (Fall): 51-69.

Engle, Charles Donald. 1971. "Criminal Justice in the City: A Study of Sentence Severity and Variation in the Philadelphia Criminal Court System." Ph.D. dissertation, Temple University.

Green, Edward. 1961. Judicial Attitudes in Sentencing. New York: St. Martins Press.

Kaplan, John , and Jerome H. Skolnick . 1982. Teacher's Manual to Accompany Criminal Justice: Introductory Cases and Materials, 3rd ed., Mineola, N.Y.: Foundation Press.

Katzenelson, Susan. 1976. The Female Defendant in Washington, D.C. Washington: The Institute for Law and Social Research.

Kleck, Gary. 1981. "Racial Discrimination in Criminal Sentencing." American Sociological Review 46 (December): 783-805.

Kritzer, Herbert M. 1978. "An Introduction to Multivariate Contingency Table Analysis ." American Journal of Political Science 22 (February): 187-226.

Kruittschnitt, Candace. 1982. "Respectable Women and the Law." The Sociological Quarterly 23 (Spring): 221-34.

Levin, Martin A. 1977. Urban Politics and Criminal Courts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Miller, Jerry , and Maynard Erickson . 1974. "On Doing Dummy Variable Regression Analysis." Sociologial Methods and Research. (May): 409-30.

Nagel, Ilene H. , and John Hagan. 1983. "Gender and Crime: Offense Patterns and Criminal Court Sanctions." In Norval Morris and Michael Tonry , eds., Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research.

Nagel, Stuart. 1969. The Legal Process From a Behavioral Perspective. Homewood, I L: Dorsey Press.

_, and Lenore J. Weitzman. 1971. "Women as Litigants." In Freda Adler and Rita James Simon eds., The Criminology of Deviant Women. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Pope, Carl E. 1975. Sentencing of California Felony Offenders. Washington: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration .

_. 1976. "The Influence of Social and Legal Factors on Sentencing Dispositions: A Preliminary Analysis of Offender-Based Transaction Statistics ." Journal of Criminal Justice (Fall): 203-21.

Sarri, Rosemary C. 1976. "Juvenile Law: How it Penalizes Females." In Laura Crites , ed., The Female Offender. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

Simon, Rita James. 1975. Women and Crime. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

Spohn, Cassia , John Gruhl , and Susan Welch. 1981-82. "The Effect of Race on Sentencing: A Re-examination of an Unsettled Question." Law and Society Review 16 (Number 1): 72-88.

_, Susan Welch , and John Gruhl. 1982. "Women Defendants in Court: The Interaction Between Sex and Race in Convicting and Sentencing." Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting.

Steffensmeier, Darrell , and John H. Kramer. 1982. "Sex-Based Differences in the Sentencing of Adult Criminal Defendants." Sociology and Social Research 66 (April): 289-304.

Stokes, Donald. 1967. "Some Dynamic Elements of Contests for the Presidency ." American Political Science Review 60 (March): 19-28.

Sutton, L. Paul. 1978. Variations in Federal Criminal Sentences: A Statistical Assessment at the National Level. Albany, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Research Center.

Swigert, Victoria Lynn , and Ronald A. Farrell . 1977. "Normal Homicides and the Law." American Sociological Review 42 (February): 16-32.

Swofford, Michael. 1980. "Parametric Techniques for Contingency Table Analysis ." American Sociological Review 45 (August): 664-90.

Unnever, James. 1981. "Institutional Racism: Direct and Structural Discrimination ." Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting.

Unnever, James D. , Charles E. Frazier , and John C. Henretta . 1980. "Race Differences in Criminal Sentencing." The Sociological Quarterly 21 (Spring): 197-206.

Welch, Susan. 1977. "Women as Political Animals?" American Journal of Political Science 21 (November): 711-30.

Welch, Susan , John Gruhl , and Cassia Spohn. 1984. "Dismissal, Conviction, and Incarceration of Hispanic Defendants: A Comparison with Blacks and Anglos." Forthcoming, Social Science Quarterly.

_. 1984. "Sentencing: The Influence of Alternative Measures of Prior Record." Criminology 22 (May): 215-27.

Zatz, Marjorie. 1981. "Differential Treatment Within the Criminal Justice System by Race/Ethnicity." Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting.