This article analyzes why, how and to what extent Indonesia’s once staunchly Islamist Prosperous Justice Party (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera; PKS) has become more moderate through its participation in democratic procedures. It also examines how this moderation process has affected the party’s electoral performance and the overall quality of democracy in Indonesia. It is argued that PKS has indeed become more moderate and that this moderation has, after initial electoral success, now posed some serious challenges to the party’s organizational coherence. The article concludes by highlighting that moderation is a process that is neither linear nor unreservedly positive for democratization.
BayatAsef. 2007. Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist Turn. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
3.
BermanSheri. 2003. “Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society.” Perspectives on Politics1:257-72.
4.
BermeoNancy. 2003. Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5.
BubaloAnthonyFealyGreg. 2005. “Joining the Caravan? The Middle East, Islamism and Indonesia.” Lowy Institute Paper 05, Longueville Media for the Lowy Institute for International Policy Double Bay, Australia.
6.
BubaloAnthonyFealyGregMasonWhit. 2008. “Zealous Democrats: Islamism and Democracy in Egypt, Indonesia and Turkey.” Lowy Institute Paper 25, Lowy Institute Double Bay, Australia.
7.
BuehlerMichael. 2008. “Shari’a By-Laws in Indonesian Districts: An Indication for Changing Patterns of Power Accumulation and Political Corruption.” Southeast Asia Research16:165-95.
8.
BuehlerMichael. 2011. “Revisiting the Inclusion-Moderation Thesis in the Context of Decentralized Institutions: The Behavior of Indonesia’s Prosperous Justice Party in National and Local Politics.” Unpublished manuscript.
9.
BushRobin. 2008. “Regional Sharia Regulations in Indonesia: Anomaly or Symptom?” In Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia, edited by FealyGregWhiteSally. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 174-91.
10.
ClarkJanine AstridJillianSchwedler. 2003. “Who Opened the Window? Women’s Activism in Islamist Parties.” Comparative Politics35:293-312.
11.
DagiIhsan. 2008. “Turkey’s AKP in Power.” Journal of Democracy19 (3): 25-30.
12.
DiamondLarryMorlinoLeonardo. 2004. “The Quality of Democracy: An Overview.” Journal of Democracy15 (4): 20-31.
13.
EffendyBachtiar. 2003. Islam and the State in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
14.
FauziIhsan AliCollinsElizabeth Fuller. 2005. “Islam and Democracy! The Successful New Party PKS is a Moderate Alternative to Radical Islamism.” Inside Indonesia81: 21-22.
GuntherRichardDiamondLarry. 2003. “Species of Political Parties: A New Typology.” Party Politics9:167-99.
18.
HamayotsuKikue. 2009. “Beyond Faith and Identity: Mobilizing Islamic Youth in a Democratic Indonesia.” Paper presented at the American Political Science Association annual meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
19.
HasanNoorhaidi. 2009. “Islamist Party, Electoral Politics and Da’wa Mobilization among Youth: The Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) in Indonesia.” Working Paper 184, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore.
20.
HefnerRobert W.2000. Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
21.
HeilmannMatthias. 2007. “Islamismus in Indonesia: Die Wohlfahrts-und Gerechtigkeitspartei(Partai Keadilan Sejahtera).” PhD diss., University of Passau.
22.
HuntingtonSamuel P.1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: Oklahoma University Press.
23.
HwangJulie Chernov. 2010. “When Parties Swing: Islamist Parties and Institutional Moderation in Malaysia and Indonesia.” South East Asia Research18:635-74.
24.
KalyvasStathis N.1996. The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
25.
MachmudiYon. 2005. Partai Keadilan Sejahtera: Wajah Baru Islam Politik Indonesia. Bandung, Indonesia: Harakatuna.
26.
MietznerMarcus. 2008a. “Comparing Indonesia’s Party Systems of the 1950s and the Post-Suharto Era: From Centrifugal to Centripetal Inter-Party Competition.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies39:431-53.
27.
MietznerMarcus. 2008b. “Indonesia and the Pitfalls of Low-Quality Democracy: A Case Study of the Gubernatorial Election in North Sulawesi.” In Democratization in Post-Suharto Indonesia, edited by BuenteMarcoUfenAndreas. London: Routledge, 124-49.
28.
MietznerMarcus. 2009a. “Indonesia’s 2009 Elections: Populism, Dynasties and the Consolidation of the Party System.” Lowy Institute Analysis, Lowy Institute, Sydney, Australia.
29.
MietznerMarcus. 2009b. Military Politics, Islam and the State in Indonesia: From Turbulent Transition to Democratic Consolidation. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Affairs.
30.
MietznerMarcus. 2010. “Political Conflict Resolution and Democratic Consolidation in Indonesia: The Role of the Constitutional Court.” Journal of East Asian Studies10:397-424.
31.
PanebiancoAngelo. 1988. Political Parties: Organization and Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32.
PrayitnoIrwan. 2005a. Kepribadian Dai: Bahan Panduan Bagi Dai dan Murabbi. Jakarta: Pustaka Tarbiatuna.
33.
PrayitnoIrwan. 2005b. Kepribadian Muslim: Panduan bagi Da’i dan Murabbi. Jakarta: Pustaka Tarbiatuna.
34.
SchumpeterJoseph A.1947. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 2nd ed.New York: Harper.
35.
SchwedlerJillian. 2006. Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen. New York: Cambridge University Press.
36.
ShihabNajwaNugrohoYanuar. 2009. “The Ties That Bind: Law, Islamisation and Indonesia’s Prosperous Justice Party (PKS).” Australian Journal of Asian Law10:233-67.
37.
TepeSultan. 2005. “Turkey’s AKP: A Model ‘Muslim- Democratic’ Party?”Journal of Democracy16 (3): 69-82.
38.
TezcürGünes Murat. 2010a. “The Moderation Theory Revisited: The Case of Islamic Political Actors.” Party Politics16:69-88.
39.
TezcürGünes Murat. 2010b. Muslim Reformers in Iran and Turkey: The Paradox of Moderation. Austin: University of Texas Press.
40.
TomsaDirk. 2008. Party Politics and Democratization in Indonesia: Golkar in the Post-Suharto Era. London: Routledge.
41.
TomsaDirk. 2009. “Electoral Democracy in a Divided Society: The 2008 Gubernatorial Election in Maluku, Indonesia.” South East Asia Research17:229-59.
42.
TomsaDirk. 2010. “The Indonesian Party System after the 2009 Election: Towards Stability?” In Problems of Democratisation in Indonesia: Elections, Institutions and Society, edited by AspinallEdwardMietznerMarcus. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Affairs, 141-59.
43.
WickhamCarrie Rosefsky. 2004. “The Path to Moderation: Strategy and Learning in the Formation of Egypt’s Wasat Party.” Comparative Politics36:205-28.
