3D scans are especially useful for the design of products to fit the head and face, where anthropometric dimensions are poorly correlated. When combining multiple scans to design for a target group, scan alignment is critical. Scans can also help determine whether a design can accommodate the target population in a single size or whether multiple sizes are needed.
CheverudJ.GordonC.WalkerR.JacquishC.KohnL.MooreA.YamashitaN. (1990a 1988). Anthropometric survey of U.S. army personnel: Correlation coefficients and regression equations: Part 2- Simple and partial correlation tables—male. NATICK/TR-90/033. US Army Natick R D & E Center.
2.
CheverudJ.GordonC.WalkerR.JacquishC.KohnL.MooreA.YamashitaN. (1990b 1988). Anthropometric survey of U.S. Army personnel: Correlation Coefficients and regression equations: Part 3- Simple and partial correlation tables—female. NATICK/TR-90/034. US Army Natick R D & E Center.
3.
ClauserC.TebbettsI.BradtmillerB.McConvilleJ.GordonC. (1988). Measurer’s handbook: U.S. Army anthropometric survey 1987-1988. U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center. U.S. NATICK/TR-88/04.
4.
CoombesA.RichardsR.LinneyA.BruceV.FrightR. (1992). Description and recognition of faces from 3D data. proceedings SPIE 1766. In Neural and stochastic methods in image and signal processing. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.130881
5.
CrosellaF.BeinatA.FusielloA.MasetE.VisintiniD. (2019). 3D model registration by generalized procrustes analysis. In Advanced procrustes analysis models in photogrammetric computer vision. Part of the CISM International Centre of Mechanical Sciences book series (590, pp. 153–172). CISM.
6.
FrightW. R.LinneyA. D. (1993). Registration of 3-D head surfaces using multiple landmarks. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 12(3), 515–520. https://doi.org/10.1109/42.241879
7.
GordonC.BlackwellC.BradtmillerB.ParhamJ.BarrientosP.PaquetteS.CornerB.CarsonJ.VeneziaJ.RockwellB.MucherM.KristensenS. (2014 2012). Anthropometric survey of U.S. Army personnel: Methods and summary statistics. NATICK/TR-15/007 U.S. Army Soldier Center. AD A611 869.
8.
HirshbergD.LoperM.RachlinE.BlackM. (2012). Coregistration: Simultaneous alignment and modeling of articulated 3D Shape. In FitzgibbonA.LazebnikS.PeronaP.SatoY.SchmidC. (eds), Computer vision – ECCV 2012. ECCV 2012. lecture notes in computer science. Springer. (vol 7577). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33783-3_18
9.
HotzmanJ.GordonC.BradtmillerB.CornerB.MucherM.KristensenS.PaquetteS.BlackwellC. (2011). Measurer’s handbook: US army and marine corps anthropometric surveys, 2010-2011. U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center. NATICK/TR-11/017.
ISO 7250-1 (2017). Basic human body measurements for technological design — Part 1: Body measurement definitions and landmarks. International Standardization Organization.
12.
JonesP. R. M.RiouxM. (1997). Three-dimensional surface anthropometry: Applications to the human body. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 28(2), 89–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-8166(97)00006-7.
13.
KouchiM.MochimaruM. (2008). Evaluation of accuracy in traditional and 3D anthropometry presented at: Digital human Modeling for design & engineering. Society of Automotive Engineers. Paper number 2008-01-1859.
14.
KouchiM.MochimaruM. (2011). Errors in landmarking and the evaluation of the accuracy of traditional and 3D anthropometry. Applied Ergonomics, 42(3), 518–527.
15.
LiS.NganK. N.ParamesranR.ShengL. (2016). Real-time head pose tracking with online face template reconstruction. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 38(9), 1922–1928. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2015.2500221
RobinetteK. M.DaanenH.PaquetE. (1999). The CAESAR project: A 3-D surface anthropometry survey. In Second international conference on 3-D digital imaging and modeling (cat. No.PR00062) (pp. 380–386). https://doi.org/10.1109/IM.1999.805368
18.
RurainskyJ.EisertP. (2003). Template-based eye and mouth detection for 3D video conferencing. In GarcíaN.SalgadoL.MartínezJ. M. (eds), Visual content processing and representation. VLBV 2003. lecture notes in computer science (vol 2849). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39798-4_6.
19.
TebbettsI.ChurchillT.McConvilleJ. (1980). Anthropometry of women in the U.S. Army - 1977 report No. 4 - correlation coefficients. U.S. Army Natick Research and Development Command. NATICK/TR-80/016.
20.
WhitestoneJ. J. (1993). Design and evaluation of helmet systems using 3D Data. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 37(1), 64–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700117
21.
ZhuangZ.BensonS.ViscusiD. (2010). Digital 3-D headforms with facial features representative of the current US workforce. Ergonomics, 53(5), 661–671. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130903581656
22.
ZhuangZ.BradtmillerB. (2005). Head-and-face anthropometric survey of U.S. respirator users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2(11), 567–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620500324727
23.
ZhuangZ.ShuC.XiP.BergmanM.JosephM. (2013). Head-and-face shape variations of U.S. civilian workers. Applied Ergonomics, 44(5), 775–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2013.01.008