In the seventies and early eighties, there was a recognition of a crisis in industries relating to a slip in the industrial competitiveness and quality of products This recognition gave rise to an increase in investment in automation and modernization of manufacturing equipment, facilities, systems, organizations, and labor management In the nineties, a shift in focus to problems in worldwide competitive position forced the recognition that many of the previous problems were actually symptoms of deeper rooted issues addressing the entire corporation from marketing and fiance through research, engineering, manufacture, and field support Among the key issues affecting the erosion of worldwide competitive position for industry are
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