The Quality and Safety of Ambulatory Medical Care: Current and Future Prospects

Adair R. , Callies L. , Lageson J. , Hanzel KL , Streitz SM , Gantert SC Posting guidelines: a practical and effective way to promote appropriate hypertension treatment. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005;31(4):227-232.

Audet AM , Davis K. , Schoenbaum SC Adoption of patient-centered care practices by physicians: results from a national survey. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(7):754-759. 3. Baron RJ Personal metrics for practice: how'm I doing? N Engl J Med. 2005;353(19):1992-1993.

Batalden PB , Nelson EC , Edwards WH , Godfrey MM , Mohr JJ Microsystems in health care, part 9: developing small clinical units to attain peak performance. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ;29(11):575-585.

Batalden PB , Nelson EC , Mohr JJ , et al. Microsystems in health care, part 5: how leaders are leading . Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(6):297-308.

Bergeson SC , Dean JD A systems approach to patient-centered care. JAMA. 2006;296(23):2848-2851.

Boohaker EA , Ward RE , Uman JE , McCarthy BD. Patient notification and follow-up of abnormal test results: a physician survey. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(3):327-331.

Budnitz DS , Pollock DA , Weidenbach KN , Mendelsohn AB , Schroeder TJ , Annest JL National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events. JAMA. 2006;296(15):1858-1866.

Deswal A. , Petersen NJ , Urbauer DL , Wright SM , Beyth R. Racial variations in quality of care and outcomes in an ambulatory heart failure cohort. Am Heart J. 2006;152(2):348-354.

Dovey SM , Meyers DS , Phillips RL , et al. A preliminary taxonomy of medical errors in family practice. Qual Saf Health Care. 2002;11(3):233-238.

Elder NC , Dovey SM Classification of medical errors and preventable adverse events in primary care: a synthesis of the literature [published correction appears in J Fam Pract. 2002;51(12):1079]. J Fam Pract. 2002;519(11):927-932.

Elder NC , Vonder Meulen M , Cassedy A. The identification of medical errors by family physicians during outpatient visits. Ann Fam Med. 2004;2(2):125-129.

Feifer C. , Ornstein SM Strategies for increasing adherence to clinical guidelines and improving patient outcomes in small primary care practices. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2004; 30(8):432-441.

Forster AJ , Murff HJ , Peterson JF , Gandhi TK , Bates DW The incidence and severity of adverse events affecting patients after discharge from the hospital. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 138(3):161-167.

Forster AJ , Murff HJ , Peterson JF , Gandhi TK , Bates DW Adverse drug events occurring following hospital discharge. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(4):317-323.

Friedman AL , Geoghegan SR , Sowers NM , Kulkarni S. , Formica RN Jr. Medication errors in the outpatient setting: classification and root cause analysis. Arch Surg. 2007; 142(3):278-283.

Gandhi TK , Bartel SB , Shulman LN , et al. Medication safety in the ambulatory chemotherapy setting. Cancer. 2005; 104(11):2477-2483.

Gandhi TK , Burstin HR , Cook EJ , et al. Drug complications in outpatients. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(3):149-154.

Gandhi TK , Cook EF , Puopolo AL , Burstin HR , Haas JS , Brennan TA Inconsistent report cards: assessing the comparability of various measures of the quality of ambulatory care. Med Care. 2002;40(2):155-165.

Gandhi TK , Kachalia A. , Thomas EJ , et al. Missed and delayed diagnoses in the ambulatory setting: a study of closed malpractice claims. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(7): 488-496.

Gandhi TK , Sittig DF , Franklin M. , Sussman AJ , Fairchild DG , Bates DW Communication breakdown in the outpatient referral process. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(9):626-631.

Gandhi TK , Weingart SN , Borus J. , et al. Adverse drug events in ambulatory care. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(16):1556-1564.

Gandhi TK , Weingart SN , Seger AC , et al. Outpatient prescribing errors and the impact of computerized prescribing. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(9):837-841.

Godfrey MM , Nelson EC , Wasson JH , Mohr JJ , Batalden PB Microsystems in health care, part 3: planning patient-centered services. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(4):159-170.

Gurwitz JH , Field TS , Harrold LR , et al. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. JAMA. 2003 ;289(9):1107-1116.

Hammons T. , Piland NF , Small SD , Hatlie MJ , Burstin HR Ambulatory patient safety: what we know and need to know. J Ambul Care Manage. 2003;26(1):63-82.

Hanlon JT , Maher RL , Lindblad CI , et al. Comparison of methods for detecting potential adverse drug events in frail elderly inpatients and outpatients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001;58(17):1622-1626.

Hanna D. , Griswold P. , Leape LL , Bates DW Communicating critical test results: safe practice recommendations. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005;31(2):68-80.

Hibbard JH , Peters E. , Slovic P. , Tusler M. Can patients be part of the solution? views on their role in preventing medical errors. Med Care Res Rev. 2005;62(5):601-616.

Hickner JM , Fernald DH , Harris DM , Poon EG , Elder NC , Mold JW Issues and initiatives in the testing process in primary care physician offices . Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005; 31(2):81-89.

Hildebrandt DE , Westfall JM , Fernald DH , Pace WD Harm resulting from inappropriate telephone triage in primary care. J Am Board Fam Med. 2006;19(5):437-442.

Holmboe E. , Kim N. , Cohen S. , et al. Primary care physicians, office-based practice, and the meaning of quality improvement. Am J Med. 2005;118(8):917-922.

Honigman B. , Lee J. , Rothschild J. , et al. Using computerized data to identify adverse drug events in outpatients . J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2001;8(3):254-266.

Huber TP , Godfrey MM , Nelson EC , Mohr JJ , Campbell C. , Batalden PB Microsystems in health care, part 8: developing people and improving work life: what front-line staff told us. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(10):512-522.

Hurley JS , Roberts M. , Solberg LI , et al. Laboratory safety monitoring of chronic medications in ambulatory care settings. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(4):331-333.

Kaissi A. , Kralewski J. , Curoe A. , Dowd B. , Silversmith J. How does the culture of medical group practices influence the types of programs used to assure quality of care? Health Care Manage Rev. 2004;29(2):129-138.

Kaissi A. , Kralewski J. , Dowd B. , Heaton A. The effect of the fit between organizational culture and structure on medication errors in medical group practices. Health Care Manage Rev. 2007;32(1):12-21.

Kosnik LK , Espinosa JA Microsystems in health care, part 7: the microsystem as a platform for merging strategic planning and operations. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(9):452-459.

Kripalani S. , LeFevre F. , Phillips CO , Williams MV , Basaviah P. , Baker DW Deficits in communication and information transfer between hospital-based and primary care physicians. JAMA. 2007;297(8):831-841.

Ma J. , Stafford RS Quality of US outpatient care: temporal changes and racial/ethnic disparities . Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(12):1354-1361.

Miller MR , Pronovost PJ , Burstin HR Pediatric patient safety in the ambulatory setting. Ambul Pediatr. 2004;4(1): 47-54.

Modak I. , Sexton JB , Lux TR , Helmreich RL , Thomas EJ Measuring safety culture in the ambulatory setting: the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire—Ambulatory version. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(1):1-5.

Mohr JJ , Barach P. , Cravero JP , et al. Microsystems in health care, part 6: designing patient safety into the microsystem. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(8):401-408.

Moore LG , Wasson JH , Johnson DJ , Zettek J. The emergence of Ideal Micro Practices for patient-centered, collaborative care. J Ambulatory Care Manage. 2006;29(3):215-221.

Nelson EC , Batalden PB , Homa K. , et al. Microsystems in health care, part 2: creating a rich information environment. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(1):5-15.

Nelson EC , Batalden PB , Huber TP , et al. Microsystems in health care, part 1: learning from high-performing front-line clinical units. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2002;28(9):472-493.

Pace WD Measuring a safety culture: critical pathway or academic activity? J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(1):155-156.

Pace WD , Staton EW , Higgins GS , Main DS , West DR , Harris DM Database design to ensure anonymous study of medical errors: a report from the ASIPS collaborative. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2003;10(6):531-540.

Persell SD , Heiman HL , Weingart SN , et al. Understanding of drug indications by ambulatory care patients . Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004;61(23):2523-2527.

Phillips RL , Dovey SM , Graham D. , Elder NC , Hickner JM Learning from different lenses: reports of medical errors in primary care by clinicians, staff, and patients. J Patient Saf. 2006;2:140-146.

Plews-Ogan ML , Nadkarni MM , Forren S. , et al. Patient safety in the ambulatory setting: a clinician-based approach. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19(7):719-725.

Poon EG , Gandhi TK , Sequist TD , Murff HJ , Karson AS , Bates DW “ I wish I had seen this test result earlier!” dissatisfaction with test result management systems in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(20):2223-2228.

Raebel MA , Lyons EE , Andrade SE Laboratory monitoring of drugs at initiation of therapy in ambulatory care . J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(12):1120-1126.

Reeder L. Outpatient medication safety moving to the forefront. Qual Improve Patient Saf. 2004;4(5):1-5.

Royal S. , Smeaton L. , Avery AJ , Hurwitz B. , Sheikh A. Interventions in primary care to reduce medication related adverse events and hospital admissions: systematic review and meta-analysis. Qual Saf Health Care. 2006;15(1):23-31.

Schauberger CW , Larson P. Implementing patient safety practices in small ambulatory care settings. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2006;32(8):419-425.

Simon JS , Rundall TG , Shortell SM Drivers of electronic medical record adoption among medical groups. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005;31(11):631-639.

Smith DH , Perrin N. , Feldstein A. , et al. The impact of prescribing safety alerts for elderly persons in an electronic medical record. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1098-1104.

Solberg LI , Hurley JS , Roberts MH , et al. Measuring patient safety in ambulatory care: potential for identifying medical group drug-drug interaction rates using claims data. Am J Manag Care. 2004;10(11,pt1):753-759.

Sung S. , Forman-Hoffman V. , Wilson MC , Cram P. Direct reporting of laboratory test results to patients by mail to enhance patient safety. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(10):1075-1078.

Vila H. , Soto R. , Cantor AB , Mackey D. Comparative outcomes analysis of procedures performed in physician offices and ambulatory surgery centers. Arch Surg. 2003;138(9):991-995.

Wachter RM Is ambulatory patient safety just like hospital safety, only without the “stat”? Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(7): 547-549.

Wasson JH , Godfrey MM , Nelson EC , Mohr JJ , Batalden PB Microsystems in health care, part 4: planning patient-centered care. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(5):227-237.

Waterman AD , Gallagher TH , Garbutt J. , Waterman BM , Fraser V. , Burroughs TE Brief report: hospitalized patients' attitudes about and participation in error prevention. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(4):367-370.

Weingart SN , Price J. , Duncombe D. , et al. Patient-reported safety and quality of care in outpatient oncology. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2007;33(2):83-94.

Weisbart ES , Greenberg HE Toward safer prescribing: history, challenges, and potential solutions in outpatient medication safety. P&T. 2005;30:451-455.

Wilf-Miron R. , Lewenhoff I. , Benyamini Z. , Aviram A. From aviation to medicine: applying concepts of aviation safety to risk management in ambulatory care. Qual Saf Health Care. 2003;12(1):35-39.

Zhan C. , Arispe I. , Kelley E. , et al. Ambulatory care visits for treating adverse drug effects in the United States, 1995-2001. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005;31(7):372-378.

Hammons T. , Piland NF , Small SD , Hatlie MJ , Burstin HR Ambulatory patient safety: what we know and need to know. J Ambulatory Care Manage. 2003;26(1):63-82.

Miller MR , Pronovost PJ , Burstin HR Pediatric patient safety in the ambulatory setting. Ambul Pediatr. 2004; 4(1):47-54.

Vila H. , Soto R. , Cantor AB , Mackey D. Comparative outcomes analysis of procedures performed in physician offices and ambulatory surgery centers. Arch Surg. 2003;138(9):991-995.

Wachter RM Is ambulatory patient safety just like hospital safety, only without the “stat”? Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(7): 547-549.

Deswal A. , Petersen NJ , Urbauer DL , Wright SM , Beyth R. Racial variations in quality of care and outcomes in an ambulatory heart failure cohort. Am Heart J. 2006;152(2): 348-354.

Ma J. , Stafford RS Quality of US outpatient care: temporal changes and racial/ethnic disparities . Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165(12):1354-1361.

Dovey SM , Meyers DS , Phillips RL , et al. A preliminary taxonomy of medical errors in family practice. Qual Saf Health Care. 2002;11(3):233-238.

Elder NC , Dovey SM Classification of medical errors and preventable adverse events in primary care: a synthesis of the literature. J Fam Pract. 2002;51:927-932.

Elder NC , Vonder Meulen M , Cassedy A. The identification of medical errors by family physicians during outpatient visits. Ann Fam Med. 2004;2(2):125-129.

Forster AJ , Murff HJ , Peterson JF , Gandhi TK , Bates DW The incidence and severity of adverse events affecting patients after discharge from the hospital. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(3): 161-167.

Gandhi TK , Kachalia A. , Thomas EJ , et al. Missed and delayed diagnoses in the ambulatory setting: a study of closed malpractice claims. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(7):488-496.

Hildebrandt DE , Westfall JM , Fernald DH , Pace WD Harm resulting from inappropriate telephone triage in primary care. J Am Board Fam Med. 2006;19(5):437-442.

Phillips RL , Dovey SM , Graham D. , Elder NC , Hickner JM Learning from different lenses: reports of medical errors in primary care by clinicians, staff, and patients. J Patient Saf. 2006;2:140-146.

Budnitz DS , Pollock DA , Weidenbach KN , Mendelsohn AB , Schroeder TJ , Annest JL National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events. JAMA. 2006;296(15):1858-1866.

Forster AJ , Murff HJ , Peterson JF , Gandhi TK , Bates DW Adverse drug events occurring following hospital discharge. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(4):317-323.

Friedman AL , Geoghegan SR , Sowers NM , Kulkarni S. , Formica RN Jr. Medication errors in the outpatient setting: classification and root cause analysis. Arch Surg. 2007;142(3):278-283.

Gandhi TK , Bartel SB , Shulman LN , et al. Medication safety in the ambulatory chemotherapy setting. Cancer. 2005;104(11): 2477-2483.

Gandhi TK , Burstin HR , Cook EJ , et al. Drug complications in outpatients. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(3):149-154.

Gandhi TK , Weingart SN , Borus J. , et al. Adverse drug events in ambulatory care. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(16):1556-1564.

Gurwitz JH , Field TS , Harrold LR , et al. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. JAMA. 2003 ;289(9):1107-1116.

Hanlon JT , Maher RL , Lindblad CI , et al. Comparison of methods for detecting potential adverse drug events in frail elderly inpatients and outpatients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001;58(17):1622-1626.

Hurley JS , Roberts M. , Solberg LI , et al. Brief report: laboratory safety monitoring of chronic medications in ambulatory care settings. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(4):331-333.

Kaissi A. , Kralewski J. , Dowd B. , Heaton A. The effect of the fit between organizational culture and structure on medication errors in medical group practices. Health Care Manage Rev. 2007;32(1):12-21.

Persell SD , Heiman HL , Weingart SN , et al. Understanding of drug indications by ambulatory care patients . Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004;61(23):2523-2527.

Raebel MA , Lyons EE , Andrade SE Laboratory monitoring of drugs at initiation of therapy in ambulatory care . J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(12):1120-1126.

Reeder L. Outpatient medication safety moving to the forefront. Qual Improvement Patient Saf. 2004;4(5):1-5.

Royal S. , Smeaton L. , Avery AJ , Hurwitz B. , Sheikh A. Interventions in primary care to reduce medication related adverse events and hospital admissions: systematic review and meta-analysis. Qual Saf Health Care. 2006;15(1):23-31.

Solberg LI , Hurley JS , Roberts MH , et al. Measuring patient safety in ambulatory care: potential for identifying medical group drug-drug interaction rates using claims data. Am J Manag Care. 2004;10(11,pt1):753-759.

Weisbart ES , Greenberg HE Toward safer prescribing: history, challenges, and potential solutions in outpatient medication safety. P&T. 2005;30:451-455.

Zhan C. , Arispe I. , Kelley E. , et al. Ambulatory care visits for treating adverse drug effects in the United States, 1995-2001. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005;31(7):372-378.

Pace WD , Staton EW , Higgins GS , Main DS , West DR , Harris DM Database design to ensure anonymous study of medical errors: a report from the ASIPS collaborative. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2003;10(6):531-540.

Plews-Ogan ML , Nadkarni MM , Forren S. , et al. Patient safety in the ambulatory setting: a clinician-based approach. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19(7):719-725.

Gandhi TK , Weingart SN , Seger AC , et al. Outpatient prescribing errors and the impact of computerized prescribing. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(9):837-841.

Honigman B. , Lee J. , Rothschild J. , et al. Using computerized data to identify adverse drug events in outpatients . J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2001;8(3):254-266.

Simon JS , Rundall TG , Shortell SM Drivers of electronic medical record adoption among medical groups. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005;31(11):631-639.

Smith DH , Perrin N. , Feldstein A. , et al. The impact of prescribing safety alerts for elderly persons in an electronic medical record. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1098-1104.

Adair R. , Callies L. , Lageson J. , Hanzel KL , Streitz SM , Gantert SC Posting guidelines: a practical and effective way to promote appropriate hypertension treatment. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005;31(4):227-232.

Feifer C. , Ornstein SM Strategies for increasing adherence to clinical guidelines and improving patient outcomes in small primary care practices. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2004; 30(8):432-441.

Boohaker EA , Ward RE , Uman JE , McCarthy BD. Patient notification and follow-up of abnormal test results: a physician survey. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(3):327-331.

Gandhi TK , Sittig DF , Franklin M. , Sussman AJ , Fairchild DG , Bates DW Communication breakdown in the outpatient referral process. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(9):626-631.

Hanna D. , Griswold P. , Leape LL , Bates DW Communicating critical test results: safe practice recommendations. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005;31(2):68-80.

Hickner JM , Fernald DH , Harris DM , Poon EG , Elder NC , Mold JW Issues and initiatives in the testing process in primary care physician offices . Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005;31(2):81-89.

Kripalani S. , LeFevre F. , Phillips CO , Williams MV , Basaviah P. , Baker DW Deficits in communication and information transfer between hospital-based and primary care physicians. JAMA. 2007;297(8):831-841.

Poon EG , Gandhi TK , Sequist TD , Murff HJ , Karson AS , Bates DW “ I wish I had seen this test result earlier!” dissatisfaction with test result management systems in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(20):2223-2228.

Sung S. , Forman-Hoffman V. , Wilson MC , Cram P. Direct reporting of laboratory test results to patients by mail to enhance patient safety. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(10):1075-1078.

Hibbard JH , Peters E. , Slovic P. , Tusler M. Can patients be part of the solution? views on their role in preventing medical errors. Med Care Res Rev. 2005;62(5):601-616.

Waterman AD , Gallagher TH , Garbutt J. , Waterman BM , Fraser V. , Burroughs TE Brief report: hospitalized patients' attitudes about and participation in error prevention. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(4):367-370.

Weingart SN , Price J. , Duncombe D. , et al. Patient-reported safety and quality of care in outpatient oncology . Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2007;33(2):83-94.

Batalden PB , Nelson EC , Edwards WH , Godfrey MM , Mohr JJ Microsystems in health care, part 9: developing small clinical units to attain peak performance. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ;29(11):575-585.

Batalden PB , Nelson EC , Mohr JJ , et al. Microsystems in health care, part 5: how leaders are leading . Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(6):297-308.

Bergeson SC , Dean JD A systems approach to patient-centered care. JAMA. 2006;296(23):2848-2851.

Godfrey MM , Nelson EC , Wasson JH , Mohr JJ , Batalden PB Microsystems in health care, part 3: planning patient-centered services. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(4):159-170.

Huber TP , Godfrey MM , Nelson EC , Mohr JJ , Campbell C. , Batalden PB Microsystems in health care, part 8: developing people and improving work life: what front-line staff told us. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(10):512-522.

Kosnik LK , Espinosa JA Microsystems in health care, part 7: the microsystem as a platform for merging strategic planning and operations. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(9): 452-459.

Mohr JJ , Barach P. , Cravero JP , et al. Microsystems in health care, part 6: designing patient safety into the microsystem. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(8):401-408.

Moore LG , Wasson JH , Johnson DJ , Zettek J. The emergence of Ideal Micro Practices for patient-centered collaborative care. J Ambulatory Care Manage. 2006;29(3):215-221.

Nelson EC , Batalden PB , Homa K. , et al. Microsystems in health care, part 2: creating a rich information environment. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(1):5-15.

Nelson EC , Batalden PB , Huber TP , et al. Microsystems in health care, part 1: learning from high-performing front-line clinical units. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2002;28(9):472-493.

Wasson JH , Godfrey MM , Nelson EC , Mohr JJ , Batalden PB Microsystems in health care, part 4: planning patient-centered care. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(5):227-237.

Baron RJ Personal metrics for practice: how'm I doing? N Engl J Med. 2005;353(19):1992-1993.

Gandhi TK , Cook EF , Puopolo AL , Burstin HR , Haas JS , Brennan TA Inconsistent report cards: assessing the comparability of various measures of the quality of ambulatory care. Med Care. 2002;40(2):155-165.

Schauberger CW , Larson P. Implementing patient safety practices in small ambulatory care settings. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2006;32(8):419-425.

Wilf-Miron R. , Lewenhoff I. , Benyamini Z. , Aviram A. From aviation to medicine: applying concepts of aviation safety to risk management in ambulatory care. Qual Saf Health Care. 2003;12(1):35-39.

Audet AM , Davis K. , Schoenbaum SC Adoption of patient-centered care practices by physicians: results from a national survey. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(7):754-759.

Holmboe E. , Kim N. , Cohen S. , et al. Primary care physicians, office-based practice, and the meaning of quality improvement. Am J Med. 2005;118(8):917-922.

Kaissi A. , Kralewski J. , Curoe A. , Dowd B. , Silversmith J. How does the culture of medical group practices influence the types of programs used to assure quality of care? Health Care Manage Rev. 2004;29(2):129-138.

Modak I. , Sexton JB , Lux TR , Helmreich RL , Thomas EJ Measuring safety culture in the ambulatory setting: the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire—Ambulatory version. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(1):1-5.

Pace WD Measuring a safety culture: critical pathway or academic activity? J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(1):155-156.