Social Media and Sports Marketing: Examining the Motivations and Constraints of Twitter Users

Alexandris K. , & Carroll B. (1997). An analysis of leisure constraints based on different recreational sport levels: Results from a study in Greece. Leisure Sciences, 19(1), 1–15.

Bagozzi R. P. , & Dholakia U. M. (2006). Antecedents and purchase consequences of customer participation in small group brand communities. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23, 45–61.

Bagozzi R. P. , & Yi Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94.

Ballouli K. , & Hutchinson M. (2010). Digital-branding and social-media strategies for professional athletes, sports teams, and leagues: An interview with Digital Royalty's Amy Martin. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 395–401.

Barnes S. (2006). A privacy paradox: Social networking in the United States. First Monday, 11(9).

Bee C. C. , & Kahle L. R. (2006). Relationship marketing in sports: A functional approach. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 15, 102–110.

Bennett D. (2010). All sport news will now be broken on Twitter. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/all-sports-news-will-now-be-bro-ken-on-twitter-2010-12

Berry L. L. (1983). Relationship marketing. In Berry L. L. , Shostack G. L. , & Upah G. D. (Eds.), Emerging perspectives on services marketing (pp. 25–38). Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association.

Boyd D. M. , & Ellison N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210–230.

Branscombe N. R. , & Wann D. L. (1991). Role of identification with a group, arousal, categorization processes, and self-esteem in sport spectator aggression. Human Relations, 45, 1013–1033.

Branscombe N. R. , & Wann D. L. (1994). Sport psychology. In Magill F. N. (Ed.), Survey of social science: Psychology Series (pp. 263–268). Pasadena, CA: Salem.

Carolina Panthers (2012). Carolina Panthers Fanzone. Retrieved from http://www.panthers.com/fanzone/index.html

Chen Q. , & Wells W. D. (1999). Attitude toward the site. Journal of Advertising Research, 39(5), 27–37.

Cooper C. G. , Ross S. , & Southall R. (2011). Revolutionizing the market: Innovative electronic branding strategies within NCAA athletic departments. International Journal of Sport Management, 12(3), 275–287.

Copulsky J. R. , & Wolfe M. J. (1990). Relationship marketing: Positioning for the future. Journal of Business Strategy, 11(4), 16–20.

Cornwell T. B. , & Maignan I. (1998). An international review of sponsorship research. Journal of Advertising, 27(1), 1–21.

Crawford D. , & Godbey G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9, 119–127.

Crawford D. W. , Jackson E. L. , & Godbey G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13, 309–320.

Crowley M. G. (1991). Prioritising the sponsorship audience. European Journal of Marketing, 25(11), 11–21.

Drury G. (2008). Opinion piece: Social media: Should marketers engage and how can it be done effectively. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 9, 274–277.

Duncan T. , & Moriarty S. (1997). Driving brand value. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Fiske J. (1992). Cultural studies and the culture of everyday life. In Grossberg L. , Nelson C. , & Treichler P. (Eds.), Cultural studies (pp. 154–173). New York, NY: Rutledge.

Folkes V. S. (1988). Recent attribution research in consumer behavior: A review and new directions. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(4), 548–565.

Fredman P. , & Heberlein T. A. (2005). Visits to the Swedish mountains: constraints and motivations. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 5(3), 177–192.

Funk D. C. , Mahony D. F. , & Ridinger L. (2002). Characterizing consumer motivation as individual difference factors: Augmenting the Sport Interest Inventory (SII) to explain level of spectator support. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11(1), 33–43.

Gantz W. (1981). An exploration of viewing motives and behaviors associated with television sports. Journal of Broadcasting, 25, 263–275.

Gladden J. M. , & Funk D. C. (2004). The business of sport (1st ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.

Goss B. D. (2009). Taking the ballgame out to the world: An analysis of the world baseball classic as a global branding promotional strategy for Major League Baseball. Journal of Sport Administration & Supervision 1(1), 75–95.

Grönroos C. (2004). The relationship marketing process: Communication, interaction, dialogue, value. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 19(2), 99–113.

Grossberg L. (1992). We gotta get out of this place. New York, NY: Rutledge.

Gummesson E. (1999). Total relationship marketing. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann

Guttman A. (1986). Sports spectators. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Gwinner K. P. (1997). A model of image creation and image transfer in event sponsorship. International Marketing Review, 14(3), 145–158.

Hair J. F. , & Black W. C. , Babin B. J. , Anderson R. E. , & Tatham R. L. (2005). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Harris L. C. , & Ogbonna E. (2009). The dynamics underlying service firm customer relationships: Insights from a study of English premier league soccer fans. Journal of Service Research, 10, 382–392.

Hinch T. , Jackson E. L. , Hudson S. , & Walker G. (2005). Leisure constraint theory and sport tourism. Sport in Society Special Issue: Sport Tourism: Concepts and Theories, 8(2), 142–163.

Holmlund M. (1997). In Grönroos (2004). The relationship marketing process: Communication, interaction, dialogue, value. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 9(2), 99–113.

Hur Y. , Ko Y. J. , & Valacich J. (2007). Motivation and concern for online sport consumption. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 521–539.

James J. D. , & Ridinger L. L. (2002). Female and male sport fans: A comparison of sport consumption motives. Journal of Sport Behavior, 25, 260–279.

Jackson E. (2005). Constraints to leisure. State College, PA: Venture Publishing.

Jagatic T. , Johnson N. , Jakobsson M. , & Menczer F. (2007). Social phish-ing. Communications of the ACM, 5(10), 94–100.

Kaplan A. M. , & Haenlin M. (2010). Users of the world unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53, 59–68.

Kline R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford.

Korgaonkar P. K. , & Wolin L. D. (1999). A multivariate analysis of Web usage. Journal of Advertising Research, 39, 53–68.

Lapio R. , & Speter K. M. (2000). NASCAR: A lesson in integrated and relationship marketing. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(2), 85–95.

Lim C. H. , Martin T. G. , & Kwak D. H. (2010). Examining television consumers of mixed martial arts: The relationship among risk taking, emotion, attitude, and actual sport-media-consumption behavior. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 49–63.

Lopez M. (2009). Packing a punch: Mixed martial arts aim for respect inside and out of the ring. Sport Travel, 13(2), 12–21.

Marshall D. W. , & Cook G. (1992). The corporate (sports) sponsor. International Journal of Advertising, 11, 307–324.

McGiboney M. (2009). Twitter's tweet smell of success. Retrieved from http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/twitters-tweet-smell-of-success/

McPherson B. (1975). Sport consumption and the economics of consumerism. In Ball D. W. & Loy J. W. (Eds.), Sport and social order: Contributions to the sociology of sport. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Meenaghan T. (1991). Sponsorship - Legitimising the medium. European Journal of Marketing, 25(11), 5–10.

Michael R. T. , & Becker G. S. (1973). On the new theory of consumer behavior. The Swedish Journal of Economics, 75(4), 378–396.

Morgan R. M. , & Hunt S. D. (1995). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. The Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20–38.

O'Reilly T. , & Milstein S. (2009). The Twitter book. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media Inc.

Pedersen P. , Parks J. , Quarterman J. , Thibault L. , (2010). Contemporary sport management (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Pegoraro A. (2010). Look who's talking - Athletes on Twitter: A case study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 501–514.

Quantcast.com. (2011). US demographics. Retrieved from http://www.quantcast.com/twitter.com

Rodgers S. , & Sheldon K. M. (2002). An improved way to characterize Internet users. Journal of Advertising Research, 42(5), 85–95.

Rubin A. M. (1981). An examination of television viewing motivations. Communication Research, 8, 141–165.

Samdahl D. , & Jekubovich N. (1997). A critique of leisure constraints: Comparative analyses and understandings. Journal of Leisure Research, 29, 430–452.

Santomier J. (2008). New media, branding and global sports sponsorship. International Journal of Sport Marketing & Sponsorship, 10(1), 15–28.

Seo W. J. , & Green C. (2008). Development of the motivation scale for sport online consumption. Journal of Sport Management. 22, 82–109.

Shaw S. (1985). The meaning of leisure in everyday life. Leisure Sciences, 7(1), 1–24.

Sheffer M. L. , & Schultz B. (2010a). An exploratory study of how Twitter is affecting sports journalism. International Journal of Sport Communication, 2, 226–239.

Sheffer M. L. , & Schultz B. (2010b). Paradigm shift or passing fad? Twitter and sport journalism. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 472–484.

Sheth J. N. , & Parvatiyar A. (1995). Relationship marketing in consumer markets: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23(4), 255–271.

Sheth J. N. , & Parvatiyar A. (2000). Handbook of relationship marketing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Shiels M. (2011). Twitter co-founder Jack Dorsey rejoins company. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12889048

Sloan L. R. (1989). The motives of sport fans. In Goldstein J. H. (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological viewpoints (2nd ed., pp. 175–240). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Smith G. J. (1988). The noble sports fan. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 12, 54–65.

Sony News (2011). Sony introduces 3D, network, CSR activities connected to the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Retrieved from http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/corporate_news/release/55887.html

Stavros C , Pope N. K. , & Winzar H. (2008). Relationship marketing in Australian professional sport: An extension of the Shani framework. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17(3), 135–145.

Stutzman F. (2006). An evaluation of identity-sharing behavior in social network communities. Journal of the International Digital Media and Arts Association, 3(1), 10–18.

Suh Y. I. , Lim C. , Kwak D. H. , & Pedersen P. M. (2010). Examining the psychological factors associated with involvement in fantasy sports: An analysis of participants’ motivations and constraints. International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation, & Tourism, 5, 1–28.

Tapscott D. (2009). Grown up digital. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Trail G. T. , Fink J. S. , & Anderson D. F. (2003). Sport spectator consumption behavior. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12, 8–17.

Van Grove J. (2010). How Twitter changed in 2010. Retrieved from http://mashable.com/2010/12/16/twitter-stats-2010/

Walsh P. , Kim Y. , & Ross S. D. (2008). Brand recall and recognition: A comparison of television and sport video games as presentation modes. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17, 201–208.

Wenner L. A. , & Gantz W. (1989). The audience experience with sports on television. In Wenner L. A. (Ed.), Media, sports & society (pp. 241–269). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Williams E. (2009). What is Twitter? Retrieved from http://www.socialme-diaoracle.com/twitter/what-is-twitter/

Williams J. , & Chinn S. J. (2010). Meeting relationship-marketing goals through social media: A conceptual model for sport marketers. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 422–437.

Wolfradt U. , & Doll J. (2001). Motives of adolescents to use the Internet as a function of personality traits, personal and social factors. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 24(1), 13–27.

Xing X. , & Chalip L. (2006). Effects of hosting a sport destination brand: A test of co-branding and match-up models. Sport Management Review, 9(1), 49–78.

Zillman D. , Bryant J. , & Sapolsky B. S. (1989). Enjoyment from sports spectatorship. In Goldstein J. H. (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological viewpoints (2nd ed., pp. 241–278). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.