Look Forward in Anger: Young,Black Males and the New Cinema

Adler B. (1991). Rap: Portraits and lyrics of a generation of black rockers. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Baraka A. (1991). A poem for black hearts. In Harris W. J. (Ed.), The LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka reader (p. 218). New York: Thunder Mouth Press.

Baudrillard J. (1988). The ecstasy of communication. New York: Semiotext.

Berman P. (Producer), & Brooks R. (Director). (1955). Blackboard jungle. [Film]. U.S.: MGM.

Billingsley A. (1968). Black families in white America. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Clark K. (1965). Dark ghetto: Dilemmas of social power. New York: Harper & Row publishers.

Cunningham S. (Producer/Director). (1980). Friday the 13th. [Film]. U.S.: Georgetown.

Doherty T. (1988). Teenagers and teenpics: The juvenilization of American movies in the 1950s. Boston: Unwin Hyman.

DuBois W. E. B. (1989). The souls of black folk. New York: Bantam Classic. (Original work published 1903)

Dyson M. E. (1992). Between apocalypse and redemption: John Singleton's Boyz N the Hood. Cultural Critique, 1, 121–142.

Early G. (1992, December). Their Malcolm, my problem: On the abuses of Afrocentrism and black anger. Harper's, 62–74.

Edelman L. (Producer), & Walsh R. (Director). (1949). White heat. [Film]. U.S.: Warner Brothers.

Ellison R. (1947). The invisible man. New York: Random House.

Erickson E. (1968). Youth: Identity and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton.

Fonda P. (Producer), & Hopper D. (Director). (1969). Easy rider. [Film]. U.S.: Pando/Raybert.

Foucault M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison ( Sheridan A. , Trans.). New York: Pantheon Books.

Gans H. (1991). People, plans, and policies: Essays on poverty, racism, and other national urban problems. New York: Columbia University press.

Gerima H. (Director/Producer). (1974). Bush mama. [Film], U.S.: Myphe-duh Films.

Gibbs J. T. (Ed.). (1988). Young, black, and male in America: An endangered species. Dover: Auburn House.

Gideon R. (Producer), & Evans B. (Director). (1992). Kuffs. [Film]. U.S.: Universal Pictures.

Grier W. H. , & Cobbs P.M. (1968). Black rage. New York: Basic Books.

Hall S. , & Jefferson T. (Eds.). (1975). Resistance through rituals: Youth subcultures in post-war Britain. London: Hutchinson & Co.

Harve R. Stern S. (Producers), & Moyle A. (Director). (1990). Pump up the volume. [Film]. U.S.: New Line/SC Entertainment.

Hebdige D. (1979). Subculture: The meaning of style. London: Methuen.

Hentoff N. (1992). Free Speech for me but not for thee—How the American left and right relentlessly censor each other. New York: Harper Perennial.

Heyman D. Mortitz N. Frankfurt P. (Producers), & Dickerson E. (Director). 1992. Juice. [Film], U.S.: Imipix Inc./Islandworld/Moritz/Heyman Productions.

Hill D. (Producer), & Carpenter J. (Director). (1978). Halloween. [Film]. U.S.: Falcon International.

Jones L. (1963). Blue people: Black music in white America. New York: William Morrow.

Kramer S. (Producer), & Benedek L. (Director). (1953). The wild one. [Film]. U.S.: Columbia Pictures.

Kramer S. (Producer), & Zimmermann F. (Director). (1952). High noon. [Film]. U.S.: United Artists.

Kunjufu J. (1985). Countering the conspiracy to destroy black boys. Chicago: African-American Images.

Lewis J. (1992). The road to romance and ruin: Teen films and youth culture. New York: Routledge.

Madhubuti H. R. (1990). Black men: Obsolete, single, dangerous? Chicago: Third World Press.

Mailer N. (1959). Advertisements for myself. New York: Berkeley Publishing.

Maslin J. (1992, December 13). Is a cinematic new wave cresting? New York Times, pp. 25–26.

Mellen J. (1977). Big bad wolves: Masculinity in the American film. New York: Basic Books.

Moore W. (1969). The vertical ghetto: Everyday life in an urban project. New York: Random House.

Moynihan D. P. (1965). The Negro family: The case for national action. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Rich M. (Producer/Director). (1991). Straight out of Brooklyn. [Film]. U.S.: Artificial Eye/Blacks ‘n’ progress/American playhouse.

Roos F. Claybourne D. (Producers), & Coppola F. (Director). (1983). Rumble fish. [Film]. U.S.: Zoetrope.

Siegal D. (Producer/Director). (1971). Dirty Harry. [Film]. U.S.: Mal-paso/Warner Brothers.

Singleton J. (Producer/Director). (1991). Boyz n the hood. [Film]. U.S.: Both Inc./Columbia Pictures.

Taylor C. (1983). The new U.S. black cinema. Jump Cut, 28, 46–48.

Thompson R. F. (1973). An aesthetic of the cool. African Arts, VII., 41–43, 64–67.

Turman L. (Producer), & Nichols M. (Director). The graduate. [Film]. U.S.: Lawrence Turman.

Weisbart D. (Producer), & Ray N. (Director). (1965). Rebel without a cause. [Film]. U.S.: Warner Brothers.

Worth M. Lee S. (Producers), & Lee S. (Director). (1992). Malcolm X. [Film]. U.S.: 40 acres and a mule filmworks/Marvin Worth productions.

Zanuck D. (Producer), & Wellman W. (Director). (1931). Public enemy. [Film]. U.S.: Warner Brothers.