Microstructural and Gender Role Influences on Male Caregivers

Ashton W. A. , & Fuehrer A. (1993). Effects of gender and gender role identification of participant and type of social support resource on support seeking. Sex Roles, 28, 461–476.

Bern S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162.

Bern S. L. (1975). Sex role adaptability: One consequence of psychological androgyny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 634–643.

Bern S. L. (1979). Administration and scoring guide for the Bern sex-role inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Bern S. L. (1984). Androgyny and gender schema theory: A conceptual and empirical integration, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 32, 179–226.

Bern S. L. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Bern S. L. , & Lenney E. (1976). Sex typing and the avoidance of cross-sex behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 48–54.

Bern S. L. Martyna W. , & Watson C. (1976). Sex typing and androgyny: Further explorations of the expressive domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1016–1023.

Bould S. Sanborn B. , & Reif L. (1989). Eighty-five plus: The oldest old. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Boldizar J. P. (1991). Assessing sex typing and androgyny in children: The children's sex role inventory. Developmental Psychology, 27, 505–515.

Brody E. (1985). Parent care as normative stress. The Gerontologist, 25, 19–29.

Chodorow N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Cicerelli V. G. (1983). A comparison of helping behavior to elderly parents of adult children with intact and disrupted marriages. The Gerontologist, 23, 619–625.

Cicerelli V. G. (1989). Helping relations in later life: A reexamination. In Mancini J. A. (Ed.), Aging parents and adult children (pp. 167–175). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Coward R. T. (1987). Factors associated with the configuration of the helping networks of noninstitutionalized elders. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 10, 113–132.

Doyle J. A. (1989). The male experience (2nd ed.). Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.

Dwyer J. W. , & Coward R. T. (1992a). Gender, family, and long-term care of the elderly. In Dwyer J. W. & Coward R. T. (Eds.), Gender, families and elder care (pp. 3–17). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Dwyer J. W. , & Coward R. T. (1992b). Gender differences in spousal care of impaired elders. Family Perspective, 26, 267–280.

Dwyer J. W. , & Seccombe K. (1991). Elder care as family labor: The influence of gender and family position. Journal of Family Issues, 12, 229–247.

Edwards G. H. (1992). The structure and content of the male gender role stereotype: An exploration of subtypes. Sex Roles, 27, 533–551.

Finley N. J. (1989). Theories of family labor as applied to gender differences in carcgiving for elderly parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 79–86.

Geschwender J. A. (1992). Ethnicity and the social construction of gender in the Chinese diaspora. Gender & Society, 6, 480–507.

Gilligan C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hamon R. R. (1992). Filial role enactment by children. Family Relations, 41, 91–96.

Harris P. B. (1993). The misunderstood caregiver? A qualitative study of the male caregiver of Alzheimer's disease victims. The Gerontologist, 33, 551–556.

Helmreich R. L. Spence J. T. , & Holahan C. K. (1979). Psychological androgyny and sex role flexibility: A test of two hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1631–1644.

Horowitz A. (1985). Sons and daughters as caregivers to older parents: Differences in role performance and consequences. The Gerontologist, 25, 612–617.

Hunter A. G. , & Davis J. E. (1992). Constructing gender: An exploration of Afro-American men's conceptualization of manhood. Gender & Society, 6, 464–479.

Hyde J. S. Krajnik M. , & Skuldt-Niederberger K. (1991). Androgyny across the life span: A replication and longitudinal follow-up. Developmental Psychology, 27, 516–519.

Jutras S. , & Veilleux F. (1991). Gender roles and care giving to the elderly: An empirical study. Sex Roles, 25, 1–18.

Kayc L. W. , & Applegate J. S. (1990a). Men as caregivers to the elderly: Understanding and aiding unrecognized family support. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Kayc L. W. , & Applegate J. S. (1990b). Men as elder caregivers: A response to changing families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 86–95.

Kimmel M. S. (1992). Foreward. In Craig S. (Ed.), Men masculinity and the media. Newbury Park: Sage.

Kimmel M. S. , & Messner M. A. (1989). Men's lives. New York: Macmillan.

Kivett V. R. (1988). Older rural fathers and sons: Their relative importance to the helping networks of older adults. Family Relations, 37, S62–S67.

Kleban M. H. Brody E. Schoonover C. B. , & Hoffman C. (1989). Family help to the elderly: Perceptions of sons-in-law regarding parent care. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 303–312.

Lee G. B. (1992). Gender differences in family caregiving: A fact in search of a theory. In Dwyer J. W. & Coward R. T. (Eds.), Gender, families and elder care (pp. 120–131). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Lee G. B. Dwyer J. W. , & Coward R. T. (1993). Gender differences in parent care: Demographic factors and some gender preferences. Journal of Gerontology, 48, S9–S16.

Litwak E. (1965). Extended kin relationships in an industrial democratic society. In Shanas E. & Streib G. F. (Eds.), Social structure and the family: Generational relations (pp. 290–323). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Mancini J. A. , & Blieszner R. (1991). Aging parents and adult children: Research themes in intergenerational relations. In Booth A. (Ed.), Contemporary families: Looking forward, looking back (pp. 249–264). Minnesota: National Council on Family Relations.

Matthews S. H. , & Rosner T. T. (1988). Shared filial responsibility: The family as the primary caregiver. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 185–195.

Miller D. C. (1983). Handbook of research design and social measurement (4th ed.). New York: Longman.

Montgomery R. J. V. (1992). Gender differences in patterns of child-parent caregiving relationships. In Dwyer J. W. & Coward R. T. (Eds.), Gender, families and elder care (pp. 65–83). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Montgomery R. J. V. , & Kamo Y. (1989). Parent care by sons and daughters. In Mancini J. A. (Ed.), Aging parents and children (pp. 213–230). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Motenko A. K. (1988). Respite care and pride in caregiving: The experience of six older men caring for their disabled wives. In Reinharz S. & Rowles G. D. (Eds.), Qualitative gerontology. New York: Springer.

Noelker L. S. , & Townsend A. L. (1987). Perceived caregiving effectiveness: The impact of parental impairment, community resources, and caregiver characteristics. In Brubaker T. H. (Ed.), Aging, health and family (pp. 58–79). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Orlofsky J. L. , & Windle M. T. (1978). Sex role orientation, behavioral adaptability and personal adjustment. Sex Roles, 4, 801–811.

Orlofsky J. L. Cohen R. S. , & Ramsdan M. W. (1985). Relationship between sex-role attitudes and personality traits and the revised sex-role behavior scale. Sex Roles, 72, 377–391.

Parsons T. , & Bales R. (1955). Family socialization and interaction process. New York: Free Press.

Pearlin L. I. Mullan J. T. Semple S. J. , & Skaff M. M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. The Gerontologist, 30, 583–594.

Risman B. J. (1987). Intimate relationships from a microstructural perspective: Men who mother. Gender & Society, 1, 6–32.

Risman B. J. (1989). An argument for momentary sociological isolationism; or, you don't always get what you expect. The American Sociologist, 20, 176–180.

SAS Institute Inc . (1989). SAS/STAT users guide, version 6 (4th ed., Vol. 1). Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Schenk J. , & Heinisch R. (1986). Self descriptions by means of sex-role scales and personality scales: A critical evaluation of recent masculinity and femininity scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 161–16.

Select Committee on Aging, House of Representatives . (1987). Exploding the myths: Caregiving in America. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Shanas E. (1979). Social myth as hypothesis: The case of the family relatioas of old people. The Gerontologist, 19, 3–9.

Shaw L. B. (1981). Dual careers: A decade of change in the lives of mature women. Columbus, OH: Center for Human Resources Research, Ohio State University.

Stoller E. P. (1983). Parental care by adult children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 851–858.

Stoller E. P. (1990). Males as helpers: The role of sons, relatives and friends. The Gerontologist, 30, 228–235.

Stone R. Cafferata G. L. , & Sangl J. (1987). Caregivers of the frail elderly: A national profile. The Gerontologist, 27, 616–626.

U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee . (1986). The concentration of wealth in the U.S. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Walker A. J. (1992). Conceptual perspectives on gender and family caregiving. In Dwyer J. W. & Coward R. T. (Eds.), Gender, families and elder care (pp. 34–46). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Walker A. J. , & Pratt C. C. (1991). Daughters' help to mothers: Intergenerational aid versus caregiving. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 3–12.

Wright P. H. , & Scanlon M. B. (1991). Gender role orientations and friendship: Some attenuation but gender differences abound. Sex Roles, 24, 551–566.

Wrong D. (1961). The oversocialized conception of man in modern sociology. American Sociological Review, 26, 183–192.

Zarit S. Todd P. A. , & Zarit J. M. (1986). Subjective burden of husbands and wives as caregivers: A longitudinal study. The Gerontologist, 26, 260–266.