ASPEN Board of Directors.Guidelines for the use of total parenteral nutrition in the hospitalized adult patient. J Parenter Enter Nutr1986; 10: 441–5.
2.
DetskyAS, BakerJP, O'RourkeK, GoelV.Perioperative parenteral nutrition: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med1987; 107: 195–203.
3.
McGreerAJ, DetskyAS, O'RourkeK.Parenteral nutrition in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. Nutrition1990; 6: 233–40.
4.
American College of Physicians.Position paper: parenteral nutrition in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med1989;110:734–6.
5.
KaminskiKV, HaaseTJ, RosasM, ButlerG.Letters to the editor. Nutrition1990; 6: 336–7.
6.
Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group.Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. N Engl J Med1991;325:525–32.
7.
Technology Assessment and Practice Guidelines Forum Panel.Evaluating total parenteral nutrition: core statement of the technology assessment and practice guidelines forum. Nutrition1990;6:475–89.
8.
ASPEN Board of Directors.Guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adults and pediatric patients. J Parenter Enter Nutr1993;17(suppl): 1SA–51SA.
9.
AlexanderJW, PeckMD.Future prospects for adjunctive therapy: pharmacologic and nutritional approaches to immune system modulation. Crit Care Med1990; 18(suppl):S159–64.
10.
KirkSJ, BarbulA.Role of arginine in trauma sepsis and immunity. J Parenter Enter Nutr1990; 14(suppl):226S–9S.
11.
KirkSJ, HursonM, ReganMS, HoltDR, WasserkrugHL, BarbulA.Arginine stimulates wound healing and immune function in elderly human beings. Surgery1993; 114: 155–60.
12.
SigalRK, ShouJ, DalyJM.Parenteral arginine infusions in humans: nutrient substrate or pharmacologic agent?J Parenter Enter Nutr1992; 16: 423–8.
13.
ElsairJ, PoeyJ, IssadH, ReggabiM, BekriT, SpinnerC.Effect of arginine chlorhydrate on nitrogen balance during the 3 days following routine surgery in man. Biomed Sci1978; 29: 312–7.
14.
DalyJM, ReynoldsJ, SigalR, ShiouJ, LibermanMD.Effects of dietary protein and amino acids on immune function. Crit Care Med1990; 18: 586–93.
15.
Arginine hydrochloride. In: McEvoyGK ed. AHFS Drug Information 94. Bethesda, MD: American Hospital Formulary Service, 1994: 1575–6.
16.
BarbulA.Arginine: biochemistry, physiology and therapeutic implications. J Parenter Enter Nutr1986; 10: 227–37.
17.
BushinskyDA, GennariFJ.Life-threatening hyperkalemia induced by arginine. Ann Intern Med1978; 89: 632–4.
Parry-BillingsM, EvansJ, CalderPC, NewsholmeEA.Does glutamine contribute to immunosuppression after major bums?Lancet1990; 336: 523–5.
20.
SmithRJGlutamine metabolism and its physiologic importance. J Parenter Enter Nutr1990;14(suppl):40S–4S.
21.
HammarqvistF, WemermanJ, RustomA, Von Der DeckenA, VinnarsE.Addition of glutamine to total parenteral nutrition after abdominal surgery spares free glutamine in muscle, counteracts the fall in muscle protein synthesis and improves nitrogen balance. Ann Surg1989; 209: 455–61.
22.
ZieglerTR, YoungLS, BenfellK, SchektingaM, HortosK, ByeRClinical and metabolic efficacy of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation. A randomized, double-blind controlled study. Ann Intern Med1992; 116: 821–8.
McAnenaOJ, MooreFA, MooreEE, JonesTN, ParsonsP.Selective uptake of glutamine in the gastrointestinal tract: confirmation of a human study. Br J Surg1991; 78: 480–2.
25.
InoueY, EspatNJ, FrohnappleDJ, EpsteinH, CopelandEM.Effect of total parenteral nutrition on amino acid and glucose transport by the human small intestine. Ann Surg1993; 217: 604–14.
26.
FurstP, AlbersS, StehleP.Glutamine-containing dipeptides in parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enter Nutr1990; 14(suppl):118S–24S.
27.
ZieglerTR, BenfellK, SmithRJ, YoungLS, BrownE, Ferrari-BalivieraESafety and metabolic effects of u-glutamine administration in humans. J Parenter Enter Nutr1990; 14(suppl):137S–46S.
28.
SchloerbPR, AmareM.Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine in bone marrow transplantation and other clinical applications (a randomized, double-blind study). J Parenter Enter Nutr1993; 17: 407–13.
29.
SoubaWW.Glutamine and cancer. Ann Surg1993; 218: 715–28.
30.
ShawJ, WolfeR.An integrated analysis of glucose, fat, and protein metabolism in severely traumatized patients: studies in the basal state and the response to TPN. Ann Surg1989; 209: 63–72.
31.
CerraFB, AldenPA, NegroF, BiliarT, SvingenBA, LicariJSepsis and exogenous lipid modulation. J Parenter Enter Nutr1988; 12: 635–85.
GottschlichMM.Selection of optimal lipid sources in enteral and parenteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract1992; 7(suppl):15S–6S.
34.
McClaveSA, LowenCC, SniderHL.Immunonutrition and enteral hyperalimentation of critically ill patients. Dig Dis Sci1992; 37: 1153–61.
35.
DahlanW, RichelleM, KulapongseS, CarpentierYA, ElwynDH.Effects of essential fatty acid contents of lipid emulsions on erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in patients on long term parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr1992; 11: 262–8.
36.
RichelleM, RubinM, KulapongseS, DeckelbaumRJ, ElwynDH, CarpentierYA.Plasma lipoprotein pattern during long-term home parenteral nutrition with two lipid emulsions. J Parenter Enter Nutr1993; 17: 432–7.
37.
BallMJ.Hematological and biochemical effects of parenteral nutrition with medium-chain triglycerides: comparison with long-chain triglycerides. Am J Clin Nutr1991; 53: 916–22.
38.
JiangZ, ZhangS, WangX, YangN, ZhuY, WilmoreD.A comparison of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides in surgical patients. Ann Surg1993; 217: 175–84.
39.
KorudaMJ, RolandelliRH, BlissDZ, HastingsJ, RombeauJL, SettleRG.Parenteral nutrition supplemented with short-chain fatty acids: effect on the small bowel mucosa in normal rats. Am J Clin Nutr1990; 51: 685–9.
40.
SettleRG.Short-chain fatty acids and their potential role in nutritional support. J Parenter Enter Nutr1988; 12(suppl):104S–7S.
41.
RombeauJL, KripkeSA.Metabolic and intestinal effects of short-chain fatty acids. J Parenter Enter Nutr1990; 14(suppl):181S–5S.
42.
DennisonAR, BallM, HandsLJ, CrowePJ, WatkinsRM, KettlewellM.Total parenteral nutrition using conventional and medium chain triglycerides; effect on liver functions tests, complement, and nitrogen balance. J Parenter Enter Nutr1988; 12: 15–9.
43.
HeirdWC, GrundySM, HubbardVS.Structured lipids and their use in clinical nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr1986:43:3204.
44.
SandstromR, HyltanderA, KornerU, LundholmK.Structured triglycerides to postoperative patients: a safety and tolerance study. J Parenter Enter Nutr1993; 17: 153–7.
45.
BellSJ, MascioliEA, BistrianBR, BabayanVK, BlackburnGL.Alternative lipid sources for enteral and parenteral nutrition: long- and medium-chain triglycerides, structured triglycerides, and fish oil. J Am Diet Assoc1991; 91: 74–8.
46.
FlatenH, HostmarkAT, KierulfP, LystadE, TryggK, BjerkedalTFish-oil concentrate: effects on variables related to cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr1990; 52: 300–6.
47.
LowellJA, ParnesEL, BlackburnGL.Dietary immunomodulation: beneficial effects on oncogenesis and tumor growth. Crit Care Med1990; 18(suppl):S145–8.
48.
HammarqvistF, StrombergC, Von der DeckenA, VinnarsE, WemermanJ.Biosynthetic human growth hormone preserves both muscle protein synthesis and the decrease in muscle-free glutamine, and improves whole-body nitrogen economy after operation. Ann Surg1992; 216: 184–91.
49.
BarberAE, MaranoMA, FongY, LowrySF.Circadian rhythms of growth hormone and Cortisol in parenterally fed man (abstract). Clin Nutr1989; 8(special suppl):50.
ByrneTA, MorrisseyTB, GatzenC, BenfellK, NattakomTV, ScheltingMRAnabolic therapy with growth hormone accelerates protein gain in surgical patients requiring nutritional rehabilitation. Ann Surg1993; 218: 400–18.
52.
ZieglerTR, RombeauJL, YoungLS, FongY, MaranoM, LowrySFRecombinant human growth hormone enhances the metabolic efficacy of parenteral nutrition: a double-blind, randomized controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1992; 74: 865–73.
53.
LehmannSL, TeaslyKM, KonstantinidesNN, KonstantinidesF, CerraFB.Growth hormone enables effective nutrition by peripheral vein in postoperative patients: a pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr1990; 9: 610–5.
54.
JiangZ, HeG, ZhangS, WangX, YangN, ZhuYLow dose growth hormone and hypocaloric nutrition attenuate the protein-catabolic response after major operation. Ann Surg1989; 210: 513–25.
55.
PontingGA, HallidayD, TealeJD, SimAJW. Postoperative positive nitrogen balance with intravenous hyponutrition and growth hormone. Lancet1988; 1: 438–40.
56.
WardHC, HallidayD, SimAJW. Protein and energy metabolism with biosynthetic human growth hormone after gastrointestinal surgery. Ann Surg1987; 206: 56–61.
57.
BuchnerU, RothkopfMM, StanislausG, AskanaziJ.Effects of growth hormone (GH) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and malnutrition (abstract). Anesthesiology1988; 69:A421.
58.
ClemmonsDR, SnyderDK, WilliamsR, UnderwoodLE.Growth hormone administration conserves lean body mass during dietary restriction in obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1987; 64: 878–83.
59.
SnyderDK, ClemmonsDR, UnderwoodLE.Treatment of obese, diet restricted subjects with growth hormone for 11 weeks: effects of anabolism, lipolysis, and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1988; 67: 54–61.
60.
BelcherHJCR, MercerD, JudkinsKC, ShalabyS, WiseS, MarksVBiosynthetic human growth hormone in burned patients: a pilot study. Burns1989; 15: 99–107.
61.
DahnMS, LangeP, JacobsLA.Insulin-like growth factor 1 production is inhibited in human sepsis. Arch Surg1988; 123: 1409–14.
62.
GottardisM, BenzerA, KollerW, LugerTJ, PuhringerF, HacklJ.Improvement of septic syndrome after administration of recombinant human growth hormone?J Trauma1991; 31: 81–6.
63.
SaraV, HallK.Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins. Physiol Rev1990; 70: 591–614.
64.
HattonJ, LuerMS, RappRP.Growth factors in nutritional support. Pharmacotherapy1993; 13: 17–27.
65.
FroeschER, SchmidC, SchwanderJ, ZapfJ.Actions of insulin-like growth factors. Annu Rev Physiol1985; 47: 443–67.
66.
MinutoF, BarrecaA, AdamiGF, FortiniP, Del MonteP, CellaFInsulin-like growth factor 1 in human malnutrition: relationship with some body composition and nutritional parameters. J Parenter Enter Nutr1989; 13: 392–6.
67.
BurgessEJ.Insulin like growth factor 1: a valid nutritional indicator during parenteral feeding of patients suffering an acute phase response. Ann Clin Biochem1992; 29: 137–44.
68.
GulerHP, SchmidC, ZapfJ.Effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor 1 on insulin secretion and renal function in normal subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci1989; 86: 2868–72.
69.
ElahiD, McAloon-KykeM, FukagawaNKHemodynamic and metabolic response to human insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in man. In: SpencerEM ed. Modern concepts of insulin-like growth factors. New York: Elsevier, 1991: 219–24.
70.
BoulwareDS, TamborlaneWV, MatthewsLS, SherwinRS.Diverse effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 on glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Am J Physiol1992; 262:E130–3.
