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Epstein M . The hepatorenal syndrome. Hosp Pract 1989; 24 (4): 65–76.

Davenport A Will EJ Davison AM . The effect of prostacyclin on intracranial pressure in patients with acute hepatic and renal failure. Clin Nephrol 1991; 35 (4): 151–7.

Ring-Larsen H Palazzo U . Renal failure in fulminant hepatic failure and terminal cirrhosis: A comparison between incidence, types, and prognosis. Gut 1981; 22: 585–91.

Iwatsuki S Popovtzer M Corman J Ishikawa M Putnam C Katz F Recovery from “hepatorenal syndrome” after orthotopic liver transplantation. N Engll Med 1973; 289: 1155–9.

Zusman R Axelrod L Tolkoff-Rubin N . The treatment of hepatorenal syndrome with intra-renal administration of prostaglandin E₁ Prostaglandins 1977; 13: 819–30.

Arieff A Chidsey C . Renal function in cirrhosis and the effects of prostaglandin A₁ . Am J Med 1974; 56: 695–703.

Fevery J Van Cutsem E Nevens F Van Steenbergen W Verberck-Moes R De Groote J . Reversal of hepatorenal syndrome in four patients by peroral misoprostol (prostaglandin E₁ analogue) and albumin administration. J Heparol 1990; 11: 153–8.

Koppel MH Coburn JW Mims MM Goldstein H Boyle J Rubini M . Transplantation of the cadaver kidneys from a patient with hepatorenal syndrome. Evidence for the functional nature of renal failure in advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 1969; 280: 1367–71.

Epstein M Berk D Holenberg N Adams D Chalmers T Abrams H Renal failure in the patient with cirrhosis: The role of active vasoconstriction. Am J Med 1970; 49: 175–85.

Levy M . Hepatorenal syndrome. Kidney Int 1993; 43: 737–53.

Amend W . Pathogenesis of hepatorenal syndrome. Transplant Proc 1993; 25: 1730–3.

Zipser R Radvan G Kronberg I Duke R Little T . Urinary thromboxane B₂ and prostaglandin E₂ in the hepatorenal syndrome: Evidence for increased vasoconstrictor and decreased vasodilator factors. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 697–703.

Rimola A Gines P Arroyo V Camps J Perez-Ayuso R Quintero E Urinary excretion of 6-keto-prostaglandin F_1α thromboxane B₂ and prostaglandin E₂ in cirrhosis with ascites. Relationship to functional renal failure (hepatorenal syndrome). J Hepatol 1986; 3: 111–7.

Epstein M . Renal prostaglandins and the control of renal function in liver disease. Am J Med 1986; 80 (suppl 1A): 46–55.

Moore K Ward P Taylor G Williams R . Systemic and renal production of thromboxane A₂ and prostacyclin in decompensated liver disease and hepatorenal syndrome. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1069–77.

Holford NHG . Clinical pharmacokinetics of ethanol. Clin Pharmacokinet 1987; 13: 273–92.

Buchanan JF Joe G McKinney HE . Alcohol abuse. In: Koda-Kimble MA Young LY , eds. Applied therapeutics: The clinical use of drugs. 5th ed. Vancouver, WA: Applied Therapeutics, 1992: 60/1–60/14.

DiPadova C Worner TM Julkunen RJK Lieber CS . Effects of fasting and chronic alcohol consumption on the first-pass metabolism of ethanol. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 1169–73.

Caballaria J Frezza M Hernandez-Munoz R DiPadova C Korsten MA Baraona E . Gastric origin of the first-pass metabolism of ethanol in humans: Effect of gastrectomy. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 1205–9.

Caballaria J . First pass metabolism of ethanol: Its role as a determinant of blood alcohol levels after drinking. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1992; 39 (suppl 1):62–6.

Levitt MD . Review article: Lack of clinical significance of the interaction between H₂-receptor antagonists and ethanol. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993; 7: 131–8.

Rowland M Toon S . Effects of H₂-receptor antagonists on blood alcohol levels (letter). JAMA 1992; 267: 2470.

Palmer RH . Cimetidine and alcohol absorption. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 1066–7.

Ellenhorn MJ Barceloux DG . Medical toxicology: diagnosis and treatment of human poisoning. New York: Elsevier, 1988: 782–4.

Rall TW . Hypnotics and sedatives; ethanol. In: Gilman AG Rall TW Nies AS Taylor P , eds. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 8th ed. New York: Pergamon Press, 1990: 345–82.

Feely J Wood AJJ . Effects of cimetidine on the elimination and actions of ethanol. JAMA 1982; 247: 2819–21.

DiPadova C Roine R Frezza M Gentry T Baraona E Lieber CS . Effect of ranitidine on blood alcohol levels after ethanol ingestion: Comparison with other H₂-receptor antagonists. JAMA 1992; 267: 83–6.

Guram M Howden CW Holt S . Further evidence for an interaction between alcohol and certain H₂-receptor antagonists. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15: 1084–5.

Hernandez-Munoz R Caballaria J Baraona E Uppal R Greenstein R Lieber CS . Human gastric alcohol dehydrogenase: Its inhibition by H₂-receptor antagonists and its effect on the bioavailability of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990; 14: 946–50.

Seitz HK Veith S Czygan P Bosche J Simon B Gugler R . In vivo interaction between H₂-receptor antagonists and ethanol metabolism in man and in rats. Hepatology 1984; 4: 1231–4.

Caballaria J Baraona E Rodamilans M Lieber CS . Effects of cimetidine on gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and blood ethanol levels. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 388–92.

Caballeria J Baraona E Deulofeu R Hernandez-Munoz R Rodes J Lieber CS . Effects of H₂-receptor antagonists on gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 1673–9.

Levitt MD . Do histamine-₂ receptor antagonists influence the metabolism of ethanol?. (editorial). Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 564–5.

Fraser AG Prewett EJ Hudson M Sawyerr AM Rosalki SB Pounder RE . The effect of ranitidine, cimetidine or famotidine on low dose post-prandial alcohol absorption. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1991; 5: 263–72.

Dobrilla G de Pretis G Piazzi L Chilovi F Comberlato M Valentini M . Is ethanol metabolism affected by oral administration of cimetidine and ranitidine at therapeutic doses?. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1984; 31: 35–7.

Fraser AG Hudson M Sawyerr AM Smith M Rosalki SB Pounder RE . Ranitidine, cimetidine, famotidine have no effect on post-prandial absorption of ethanol 0.8 g/kg taken after an evening meal. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1992; 6: 693–700.

Raufman JP Notar-Francesco V Raffaniello RD Straus EW . Histamine₂ receptor antagonists do not alter serum ethanol levels in fed, nonalcoholic men. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 488–94.

Palmer RH . On: Alcohol and H₂-antagonists: Over the counter, under the table? (letter). Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 112–6.

Fraser AG Hudson M Sawyerr AM Rosalki SB Pounder RE . Short report: The effect of ranitidine on the post-prandial absorption of a low dose of alcohol. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1992; 6: 267–71.

Palmer RH Frank WO Nambi P Wetherington JD Fox MJ . Effects of various concomitant medications on gastric alcohol dehydrogenase and the first-pass metabolism of ethanol. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 1749–55.

Tanaka E Nakamura K . Effects of H₂-receptor antagonists on ethanol metabolism in Japanese volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 26: 96–9.

H₂ blocker interaction with alcohol is not clinically significant. FDC Rep Pink Sheet 1993; 55(12 Mar 22):10–1.

Dajani AS Bisno AL Chung KJ Durack DT Freed M Gerber MA . Prevention of bacterial endocarditis JAMA 1990; 264: 2919–22.

Healy DP Polk RE . Endocarditis. In: Lloyd YY Koda-Kimble MA , eds. Applied therapeutics. Washington: Edwards Brothers, 1992: 37–1–37–17.

Barco CT . Prevention of infective endocarditis: A review of the medical and dental literature. J Periodontol 1991; 62: 510–23.

Gould IM . Current prophylaxis for prevention of infective endocarditis. Br Dent J 1990; 168: 409–10.

Hall G Heimdahl A . New trends in antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis in patients undergoing surgery in the oral cavity. Swed Dent J 1989; 13: 193–200.

MacFarlane TW Ferguson MM Mulgrew CJ . Post-extraction bacteraemia: Role of antiseptics and antibiotics. Br Dent J 1984; 156: 179–81.

Jokinen MA . Prevention of postextraction bacteremia by local prophylaxis. Int J Oral Surg 1978; 7: 450–2.

Bartlett RC Howell RM . Topical vancomycin as a deterrent to bacteremias following dental procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973; 35: 780–8.

Svinhufvud LB Heimdahl A Nord CE . Effect of topical administration of vancomycin versus chlorhexidine on alpha-hemolytic streptococci in oral cavity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988; 66: 304–9.

Bonten MJM van Tiel FH van der Geest S Stobberingh EE Grailland CA . Enterococcus faecalis pneumonia complicating topical antimicrobial prophylaxis (letter). N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 209–10.

Burn JMB Langdon L . Lumbar epidural injection for the treatment of chronic sciatica. Rheumatol Phys Med 1970; 10: 368–74.

Guss W . Intraspinal corticosteroid therapy in disc herniations. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1986; 20: 52–3.

Cuckler JM Bernini PA Wiesel SW Booth RE Rothman RH Pickens GT . The use of epidural steroids in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985; 67: 63–6.

Snoek W Weber H Jørgensen B . Double blind evaluation of extradural methyl prednisolone for hemiated lumbar discs. Acta Orthop Scand 1977; 48: 635–41.

Maxwell DC . Epidural use of methylprednisolone acetate (DepoMedrol) (letter). Med J Aust 1991; 154: 428–9.

Rice S . Epidural use of methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol) (letter). Med J Aust 1991; 154: 854.

Maxwell DC . Epidural use of methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol) (letter). Med J Aust 1991; 155: 134.

Jacobs S Pullan PT Potter JM Shenfield GM . Adrenal suppression following extradural steroids. Anaesthesia 1983; 38: 953–6.

Knight CL Burnell JC . Systemic side-effects of extradural steroids. Anaesthesia 1980; 35: 593–4.

Dougherty JH Jr Fraser RAR . Complications following intraspinal injections of steroids. J Neurosurg 1978; 48: 1023–5.

Dilke TFW Burry HC Grahame R . Extradural corticosteroid injection in management of lumbar nerve root compression. Br Med J 1973; 2: 635–7.

White AH . Injection techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1983; 14: 553–67.

Brown FW . Management of diskogenic pain using epidural and intrathecal steroids. Clin Orthop 1977; 129: 72–8.

Bromage PR . Epidural analgesia. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1978: 18.

Beliveau P . A comparison between epidural anaesthesia with and without corticosteroid in the treatment of sciatica. Rheum Phys Med 1971; 11: 40–3.

Breivik H Hesla PE Molnar I Lind B . Treatment of chronic low back pain and sciatica: Comparison of caudal epidural injections of bupivacaine and methylprednisolone with bupivacaine followed by saline. In: Bonica JJ Albe-Fessard D , eds. Advances in pain research and therapy. New York: Raven, 1976: 927–32.

Erdemir H Karamvir M Gelman S . Intradural and extradural corticosteroids for postlaminectomy syndrome. Ala J Med Sci 1982; 19: 136–8.

Depo-Medrol package insert (810 341 015). The Upjohn Co., 1990 (Dec).

Myristyl-gamma-picolinium chloride. Physicians' desk reference, 45th Ed. Oradell, NJ: Medical Economics, 1991: 2229.

Golightly LK Smolinske SS Bennett ML Sutherland EW III Rumack BH . Pharmaceutical excipients: Adverse effects associated with inactive ingredients in drug products (part I). Med Toxic 1988; 3: 128–65.

Feasby TE Hahn AF Gilbert JJ . Neurotoxicity of bacteriostatic water (letter). N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 966–7.

Craig DB Habib GG . Flaccid paraparesis following obstetrical epidural anesthesia: Possible role of benzyl alcohol. Anesth Analg (Cleve) 1977; 56: 219–21.

Winnie AP . Methylprednisolone acetate suspension (without benzyl alcohol) (letter). Reg Anesth 1991; 16: 301.

Remuzzi G . Bleeding in renal failure. Lancet 1988; 1: 1205–8.

Shemin D Elnour M Amarantes B Abuelo JG Chazan JA . Oral estrogens decrease bleeding time and improve clinical bleeding in patients with renal failure. Am J Med 1990; 89: 436–40.

Balslow JT Jorgensen NE . A survey of 499 patients with acute anuric renal insufficiency. Causes, treatment, complication and mortality. Am J Med 1963; 34: 754–64.

Deykin D . Uremic bleeding. Kidney Int 1983; 24: 698–705.

Larson SO . On coagulation and fibrinolysis in renal failure. Scand J Haematol 1971; 15 (suppl):1–59.

Kazatchkine M Sultan Y Caen JP Bariety J . Bleeding in renal failure: A possible cause. Br Med J 1977; 2: 612–5.

Remuzzi G Livio M Roncaglione MC Mecca G Donati MB de-Gaetano G . Bleeding in renal failure: Is von Willebrand factor implicated?. Br Med J 1977; 2: 359–61.

Warrell RP Hultin MB Coller BS . Increased factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen and von Willebrand factor activity in renal failure. Am J Med 1979; 66: 226–8.

Mannucci PM Remuzzi G Pusineri F Lombardi R Valsecchi C Mecca G . Deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin shortens the bleeding time in uremia. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 8–12.

Huraib S Al-Momen AK Gader AMA Mitwalli A Sulimani F Abu-Aisha H . Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) on the hemostatic system in chronic hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 1991; 36: 252–7.

Liu YK Kosfeld RE Marcum SG . Treatment of uraemic bleeding with conjugated oestrogen. Lancet 1984; 2: 887–90.

Livio M Mannucci PM Vigano G Mingardi G Lombardi R Mecca G . Conjugated estrogens for the management of bleeding associated with renal failure. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 731–5.

Fernandez F Goudable C Sie P Ton-That H Durand D Suc DM . Low hematocrit and prolonged bleeding time in uraemic patients: Effect of red cell transfusions. Br J Haematol 1985; 59: 139–48.

Bronner MH Pate MB Cunningham JT Marsh WH . Estrogen-progesterone therapy for bleeding gastrointestinal telangiectasias in chronic renal failure. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105: 371–4.

Harrison FFN . Use of estrogen in treatment of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Laryngoscope 1982; 92: 314–20.

Vigano G Gaspari F Locatelli M Pusineri F Bonati M Remuzzi G . Dose-effect and pharmacokinetics of estrogens given to correct bleeding time in uremia. Kidney Int 1988; 34: 853–8.