Drug Information Analysis Service

Murray JF Garay SM Hopewell PC Mills J Snider GL Stover DE . Pulmonary complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: An update. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 504–9.

Vree TB Hekster YA Baars AM Damsma JE Van Der Klein E . Determination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) in body fluids of man by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1978; 146: 103–12.

Lau WK Young LS . Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in adults. N Engl J Med 1976; 295: 716–8.

Hughes WT Feldman S Sanyal SK . Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Can Med Assoc J 1975; 112 (suppl):47S–50S.

Winston DJ Lau WK Gale RP Young LS . Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92: 762–9.

Siber GR Gorham CC Ericson JF Smith AL . Pharmacokinetics of intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in children and adults with normal or impaired renal function. Rev Infect Dis 1982; 4: 566–78.

Sattler FR Cowan R Nielsen DM Ruskin J . Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A prospective, noncrossover study. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 280–7.

Bowden FJ Harman PJ Lucas CR . Serum trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole levels in AIDS (letter). Lancet 1986; 1: 853.

Gordin FM Simon GL Wofsy CB Mills J . Adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 495–9.

Rubin RH Swartz MN . Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 426–32.

Wharton JM Coleman DL Wofsy CB Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A prospective randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105: 37–44.

Lee BL Medina I Benowitz NL Jacob P Wofsy CB Mills J . Dapsone, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole plasma levels during treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Evidence of drug interactions. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 606–11.

Bricker NS Slatopolsky E Reiss E Avioli LV . Calcium, phosphorus, and bone in renal disease and transplantation. Arch Intern Med 1969; 123: 543–53.

Slatopolsky E . The interaction of parathyroid hormone and aluminum in renal osteodystrophy. Kidney Int 1987; 31: 842–54.

Braunwald E Isselbacher KJ Petersdorf RG , eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991: 1150–7.

Eastwood JB Bordier PJ De Wardener HE . Some biochemical, histological, radiological and clinical features of renal osteodystrophy. Kidney Int 1973; 4: 128–40.

Contiguglia SR Alfrey AC Miller NL Runnells DE Le Geros RZ . Nature of soft tissue calcification in uremia Kidney Int 1973; 4: 229–35.

Parfitt AM . Soft-tissue calcification in uremia. Arch Intern Med 1969; 124: 544–56.

Cangiano JL Ramirez-Gonzales RE Ramirez-Muxo O . Bone disease and soft tissue calcification in chronic peritoneal dialysis. Am J Med Sci 1972; 264: 301–6.

Kuzela DC Huffer WE Conger JD Winter SD Hammond WS . Soft tissue calcification in chronic dialysis patients. Am J Pathol 1977; 86: 403–17.

Mak R Turner C Thompson T Powell H Haycock G Chantler C . Suppression of secondary hyperparathyroidism in children with chronic renal failure by high dose phosphate binders: Calcium carbonate versus aluminum hydroxide. Br Med J 1985; 291: 623–7.

Slatopolsky E Bricker NS . The role of phosphorus restriction in the prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal disease. Kidney Int 1973; 4: 141–5.

Felsenfeld A Gutman R Llach F Harrelson J . Osteomalacia in chronic renal failure: A syndrome previously reported only with maintenance dialysis. Am J Nephrol 1982; 2: 147–54.

O'Hare J Murnaghan D . Reversal of aluminum-induced hemodialysis anemia by a low-aluminum dialysate. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 654–6.

Alfrey AC Legendre GR Kaehny WD . The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome: Possible aluminum intoxication. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 184–8.

Andreoli S Bergstein J Sherrard D . Aluminum intoxication from aluminum-containing phosphate binders in children with azotemia not undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1079–84.

McGonigle R Parsons V . Aluminum induced anemia in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 1985; 39: 1–9.

Neylan J Lazarus M Gottlieb M Hakim R . Calcium citrate as a phosphate binder in dialysis patients. Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Roxe D Mistovich M Barch D . Phosphate-binding effects of sucralfate in patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1989; 13: 194–9.

Vucelic B Hadzic N Gragas J Puretic Z . Changes in serum phosphorus, calcium and alkaline phosphatase due to sucralfate. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1986; 24: 93–6.

Salusky I Coburn J Foley J Nelson P Fine R . Effects of oral calcium carbonate on control of serum phosphorus and changes in plasma aluminum levels after discontinuation of aluminum-containing gels in children receiving dialysis. J Pediatrics 1986; 5: 767–70.

Slatopolsky E Weerts C Lopez-Hilker S Calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 157–61.

Hercz G Kraut JA Andress DA Use of calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder in dialysis patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1986; 12: 314–9.

Fournier A Moriniere P Sebert JL Calcium carbonate, an aluminum-free agent for control of hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperparathyroidism in uremia. Kidney Int 1986; 29 (suppl):S114–9.

Malberti F Surian M Colussi G Poggio F Minoia C Salvadeo A . Calcium carbonate: A suitable alternative to aluminum hydroxide as phosphate binder. Kidney Int 1988; 33 (suppl):S184–5.

Malberti F Surian M Poggio F Mincha C Salvadeo A . Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder. Am J Kidney Dis 1988; 12: 487–91.

Harvey J Zobitz M Pak C . Dose dependency of calcium absorption: A comparison of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate. J Bone Miner Res 1988; 3: 253–8.

Cushner H Copley J Lindberg J Foulks C . Calcium citrate, a non-aluminum-containing phosphate-binding agent for treatment of CRF. Kidney Int 1988; 33: 95–9.

Saupe J Belmega G Krause R Bennhold I . Management of hyperphosphatemia with calcium citrate in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 1989; 52: 93–4.

Nicar MJ Pak CY . Calcium bioavailability from calcium carbonate and calcium citrate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 61: 391–3.

Molitoris B Froment D MAckenzie T Huffer W Alfrey A . Citrate: A major factor in the toxicity of orally administered aluminum compounds. Kidney Int 1989; 36: 949–53.

Hercz G Coburn JW . Prevention of phosphate retention and hyperphosphatemia in uremia. Kidney Int 1987; 32 (suppl):S215–9.

Tanaka Y Deluca HF . The control of 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolism by inorganic phosphorus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 154: 566–74.

Coburn JW Slatopolsky E . Vitamin D parathyroid, and renal osteodystrophy. In: Brenner BM Rector FC Jr , eds. The kidney. New York: Norton, 1974: 1657–729.

Fraser DR . Regulation of the metabolism of vitamin D. Physiol Rev 1980; 60: 551–613.

Schaefer K Von Herrath D Erley CM Treatment of uremic hyperphosphatemia—is there still a need for aluminum salts? Am J Nephrol 1988; 8: 173–8.

Coburn JW Salusky IB . Control of serum phosphorus in uremia. N Engl J Med 1989; 17: 1140–2.

Alfrey AC Legendre GR Kaehny WD . The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome: Possible aluminum intoxication. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 184–8.

Parkinson IS Ward MK Kerr DNS . Dialysis encephalopathy, bone disease and anemia: The aluminum intoxication syndrome during regular hemodialysis. J Clin Pathol 1981; 34: 1285–94.

Touam M Martinez F Lacour B Aluminum-induced, reversible microcytic anemia in chronic renal failure: Clinical and experimental studies. Clin Nephrol 1983; 19: 295–8.

Ward MK Feest TG Ellis HA Osteomalacia dialysis osteodystrophy: Evidence for a water-borne etiological agent, probably aluminum. Lancet 1978; 1: 841–5.

Parkinson IS Feest TG Ward MK Fracturing dialysis osteodystrophy and dialysis encephalopathy: An epidemiological survey. Lancet 1979; 1: 406–9.

Fournier A Moriniere P Sebert JL Calcium carbonate, an aluminum-free agent for control of hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperparathyroidism in uremia. Kidney Int 1986; 29 (suppl 18): S114–9.

Clarkson EM McDonald SJ Dewardner HE . The effects of high intake of calcium carbonate in normal subjects and patients with renal failure. Clin Sci 1966; 30: 425–38.

Meyrier A Marsac J Richet G . The influence of a high calcium carbonate intake on bone disease in patient undergoing hemodialysis. Kidney Int 1973; 4: 146–53.

Moriniere P Roussel A Tahiri Y Substitution of aluminum hydroxide by high doses of calcium carbonate in patients on chronic haemodialysis. Disappearance of hyperaluminemia and equal control of hyperparathyroidism. In: Davison AM Gillou PJ , eds. Proceedings of the 19th annual meeting of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association. London: Pitman, 1982: 784–7.

Gonella M Calabrese G Vagelli G Effects of high calcium carbonate supplements on serum calcium and phosphorus in patients on regular hemodialysis treatment. Clin Nephrol 1985; 224: 147–50.

Slatopolsky E Weerts C Lopez-Hilker S Calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 157–61.

Hercz G Kraut JA Andress DA Use of calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder in dialysis patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1986; 12: 314–9.

Addison JF Foulks CJ . Calcium carbonate, an effective phosphorus binder in patients with chronic renal failure. Curr Ther Res 1985; 38: 241–9.

MacTier RA Van Stone J Cos A Van Stone M Twardowski Z . Calcium carbonate is an effective phosphate binder when dialysate calcium concentration is adjusted to control hypercalcemia. Clin Nephrol 1987; 5: 222–6.

Makoff DL Gordon A Franklin SS Gerstein AR Maxwell MH . Chronic calcium carbonate therapy in uremia. Arch Intern Med 1969; 123: 15–21.

Cunningham J Noonan K Altman P Marsh F . High dose calcium carbonate with stepwise reduction in dialysate calcium carbonate concentration: Effective phosphate control and aluminum avoidance in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989; 4: 105–9.

Aneli A Brancaccio D Damasso R Substitution of calcium carbonate for aluminum hydroxide in patients on hemodialysis. Nephron 1989; 52: 125–32.

Malberti F Surian M Poggio F Minoia C Salvadeo A . Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder. Am J Kidney Dis 1988; 12: 487–91.

Lemann J Jr Litzow JR Lennon EJ . The effect of chronic acid loads in normal man: Further evidence for the participation of bone mineral in the defense against chronic metabolic acidosis. J Clin Invest 1966; 45: 1608–14.