Antihypertensive Drug Withdrawal Syndrome

Garbus SB Weber MA Priest RT . The abrupt discontinuation of antihypertensive treatment. J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 19: 476–86.

Dustan HP Page IH Tarazi RC . Arterial pressure responses to discontinuing antihypertensive drugs. Circulation 1968; 37: 370–9.

McKenney JM Slining JM Henderson HR . The effect of clinical pharmacy services on patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 1973; 48: 1104–11.

Hansson L Hunyor SN Julius S . Blood pressure crisis following withdrawal of clonidine, with special reference to arterial and urinary catecholamine levels, and suggestions for acute management. Am Heart J 1973; 85: 605–10.

Vlasses PH Koffer H Ferguson RK . Captopril withdrawal after chronic therapy. Clin Exp Hypertension 1981; 3: 929–37.

Whitsett TL . Abrupt cessation of clonidine administration: A prospective study. Am J Cardiol 1978; 41: 1285–90.

Goldberg AD Wilkinson PR Raftery EB . The overshoot phenomena on withdrawal of clonidine therapy. Postgrad Med J 1976; 52(Suppl 7): 128–34.

Reid JL Dargie HJ Davies DS . Clonidine withdrawal in hypertension: Changes in blood pressure and plasma and urinary noradrenaline. Lancet 1977; 1: 1171–4.

Strauss FD Franklin SS Lewin AJ . Withdrawal of antihypertensive therapy, hypertensive crisis in renovascular hypertension. JAMA 1977; 238: 1734–6.

Webster J Jeffers A Galloway DB . Withdrawal of antihypertensive therapy. Lancet 1974; 2: 1381.

Nusserl FE deCarvalho JGR Batson H . Hypertension after clonidine withdrawal. South Med J 1978; 71: 496–7.

Vanholder R Carpentier J Schurgers M . Rebound phenomena during gradual withdrawal of clonidine. Br Med J 1977; 1: 1138–41.

Vlasses PH Prebis JW Gruskin A . Antihypertensive drug withdrawal syndrome. Int J Ped Nephrol 1980; 1: 230–3.

Hunyor SN Hansson L Harrison TS Hoobler SW . Effects of clonidine withdrawal. Possible mechanisms and suggestions for management. Br Med J 1973; 2: 209–11.

Goldberg AD Raftery EB Wilkinson P . Blood pressure and heart rate and withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs. Br Med J 1976; 1: 1243–6.

Stelzer FP Stubenbord JJ Srenivasan V Venuto RC . Late toxicity of clonidine withdrawal. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 1182.

Frolich JC . Symptoms of clonidine withdrawal after seventeen days. N Engl J Med 1976; 295: 1261–2.

Brodsky JB Bravo JJ . Acute postoperative clonidine withdrawal syndrome. Anesthesiology 1976; 44: 519–20.

Hoobler SW Kashima T . Central nervous system actions of clonidine in hypertension. Mayo Clinic Proc 1977; 52: 395–8.

Geyskes GG Boer P Mees EJ Dorhout . Clonidine withdrawal. Mechanism and frequency of rebound hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 7: 55–62.

Anderson RJ Ram CVS Kaplan NM . Abrupt discontinuation of clonidine therapy: Monitoring the blood pressure changes in outpatients with a semi-automatic blood pressure recording device. Clin Res 1979; 27: 311A.

Ram CVS Engelman K . Abrupt discontinuation of clonidine: A prospective study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979; 25: 243.

Ram CVS Engelman K . Abrupt discontinuation of clonidine therapy. JAMA 1979; 242: 2104–5.

Burden AC Alexander CPT . Rebound hypertension after acute methyldopa withdrawal. Br Med J 1976; 1: 1056–7.

Horwitz D Pettinger WA Orvis H Thomas RE Sjoerdsma A . Effects of methyldopa in fifty hypertensive patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1967; 8: 224–34.

Goldberg AD Raftery EB Wilkinson P . Blood pressure and heart rate and withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs. Br Med J 1977; 1: 1243–6.

Frewin DB Penhall RK , Rebound hypertension after sudden discontinuation of methyldopa therapy. Med J Aust 1977; 1: 659.

Mroczek WJ Davidov ME . Rebound hypertension after withdrawal of antihypertensive therapy. Clin Res 1978; 26: 622A.

Cannon PJ Whitlock RT Morris RG Angers M Laragh JH . Effect of alpha-methyldopa in severe and malignant hypertension. JAMA 1962; 179: 673–81.

Scott JN McDevitt DG . Rebound hypertension after acute methyldopa withdrawal. Br Med J 1976; 2: 367.

Ram CVS Holland OB Fairchild C Gomez-Sanchez CE . Withdrawal syndrome following cessation of guanabenz therapy. J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 19: 148–50.

O'Brien ET MacKinnon J . Propranolol and polythiazide in treatment of hypertension. Br Heart J 1972; 34: 1042–4.

Kristensen BO Steiness E Weeke J . Propranolol withdrawal and thyroid hormones in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 23: 624–9.

Nattel S Rangno RE Van Loon G . Mechanism of propranolol withdrawal phenomena. Circulation 1979; 59: 1158–64.

Pedersen OL Mikkelsen E Nielsen JL . Abrupt withdrawal of beta-blocking agents in patients with arterial hypertension. Effect on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamines and prolactin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 15: 215–7.

Shenkman L Podrid P Lowenstein J . Hyperthyroidism after propranolol withdrawal. JAMA 1977; 238: 237–9.

Pedersen OL . Comparison of metoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide as antihypertensive agents. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1976; 10: 381–5.

Rangno RE Langlois S Lutterodt A . Metoprolol withdrawal phenomena: Mechanism and prevention. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982; 31: 8–15.

Meinertz T Just H Kasper W Fersting F Breuing K . Beta-blocker withdrawal syndrome. Lancet 1979; 1: 270.

Williams LC Turney JH Parsons V . Beta-blocker withdrawal syndrome. Lancet 1979; 1: 494–5.

Jackson G Schwartz J Kates RE Harrison DC . Physiologic basis for beta blockade rebound: Atenolol vs. propranolol (abstract). Clin Res 1979; 27: 444.

Rangno RE Langlois S Stewart J . Cardiac hyper- and hyporesponsiveness after pindolol withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982; 31: 564–71.

Keim HJ Weber MA Laragh JH . A role for renin in rebound hypertension and encephalopathy after infusion of saralasin acetate. N Engl J Med 1976; 295: 1175–7.

Packer M Meller J Medina N Gorlin R Herman MV . Rebound hemodynamic events after the abrupt withdrawal of nitroprusside in patients with severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 1193–7.

Dinon LR Kum YS VanderVeer JB . Clinical experience with chlorothiazide (Diuril) with particular emphasis on untoward responses: A report of 121 case studies over a 15-month period. Am J Med Sci 1958; 236: 533.

Chrysant SG Whitsett TL . Withdrawal of antihypertensive therapy. JAMA 1978; 239: 2241–2.

Weber MA . Blood pressure rebound following withdrawal of antihypertensive treatment. JAMA 1978; 239: 833.

Bailey RR Neale TJ . Rapid clonidine withdrawal with blood pressure overshoot exaggerated by beta-blockade. Br Med J 1976; 1: 942–3.

Whitsett TL . Discontinuation of clonidine therapy. In: Onesti G , ed. Fifth Hahnemann International Symposium on Hypertension—hypertension: Detriments, complications and intervention—1977. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1978: 365–9.

Reale A Motolese M . Partial agonist activity of beta adrenergic blocking agents and cardiac performance: A review. Eur Heart J 1981; 2: 245–51.

Boudoulas H Lewis RP Kates RE Dalamangas G . Hypersensitivity to adrenergic stimulation after propranolol withdrawal in normal subjects. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87: 433–6.

Nies AS Aarons RD Gal J . Increased density of beta-adrenergic receptors on lymphocytes following propranolol treatment. Clin Res 1979; 27: 455A.

Shand DG . Propranolol withdrawal. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 449.

Lefkowitz RJ . Direct binding studies of adrenergic receptors: Biochemical, physiologic, and clinical implications. Ann Intern Med 1979; 91: 450–8.

Glaubiger G Lefkowitz RJ . Elevated beta-adrenergic receptor number after chronic propranolol treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 78: 720–5.

Williams LT Snyderman R Lefkowitz RJ . Identifications of beta-adrenergic receptors in human lymphocytes by (-)[³H] alprenolol binding. J Clin Invest 1976; 57: 149–55.

Galant SP Underwood S Duriseti L Insel PA . Characterization of high affinity β₂-adrenergic receptor binding of (-)[³H] dihydroalprenolol to human polymorphonuclear cell particulants. J Lab Clin Med 1978; 92: 613–8.

Newman KD Williams LT Bishopric NH Lefkowitz RJ . Identification of α-adrenergic receptors in human platelets by [³H] dihydroergocryptine binding. J Clin Invest 1978; 61: 395–402.

Alexander RW Cooper B Handrin RI . Characterization of the human platelet α-adrenergic receptor: Correlation of [³H] dihydroergocryptine binding with aggregation of adenylate cyclase inhibition. J Clin Invest 1978; 61: 1136–44.

Kafka MS Tallman JF Smith CS Costa JL . Alpha adrenergic receptors on human platelets. Life Sci 1977; 21: 1429–38.

The 1980 report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1980; 140: 1280–5.

Prys-Roberts C . Hypertension and anesthesia—fifty years on. Anesthesiology 1979; 50: 281–4.

Brodsky JB Bravo JJ . Acute postoperative clonidine withdrawal syndrome. Anesthesiology 1976; 44: 519.

Rangno RE Nattel S Lutterodt A . Prevention of propranolol withdrawal mechanism by prolonged small dose propranolol schedule. Am J Cardiol 1982; 49: 828–33.

Blaschke TF Melmon KL . Antihypertensive agents and the drug therapy of hypertension. In: Gilman AG Goodman AS Gilman A , eds Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan, 1980: 799.

Rosenthal T Rabinowitz B Boichis H . Use of labetalol in hypertensive patients during discontinuation of clonidine therapy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 20: 237–40.