Abstract

Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Schmidt
R. P.
Wilder
B. J.
: Epilepsy.
F. A. Davis Co. , Philadelphia, PA , p. 142 , 1968 .
2.
Pomerance
J. J.
Yaffe
S. J.
: Maternal Medication and its Effects on the Fetus , Curr. Prob. Pediatr.
4 : 3 –60 (Nov.) 1973 .
3.
Desmond
M. M.
Schwanecke
R. P.
Wilson
G. S.
: Maternal Barbiturate Utilization and Neonatal Withdrawal Symptomatology , J. Pediatr.
80 : 190 –197 (Feb.) 1972 .
4.
Schweigert
B. F.
: Neonatal Hemorrhage Associated with Maternal Use of Diphenylhydantoin , PRN
9 (2 ): (April) 1976 .
5.
Adamansons
K.
Jolesson
I.
: The Effects of Pharmacologic Agents Upon the Fetus and Newborn , Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.
96 : 437 –460 (Oct.) 1966 .
6.
Boreus
L. O.
: Fetal Pharmacology.
Raven Press , New York , 1973 .
7.
Cahen
B. L.
: Evaluation of the Teratogenicity of Drugs , Can. Pharmacol. Ther.
5 : 480 –514 (July-Aug.) 1964 .
8.
Done
A. K.
: Perinatal Pharmacology , Ann. Rev. Pharmacol.
6 : 189 –209 , 1966 .
9.
Eriksson
M.
Catz
C. S.
Yaffe
S. J.
: Drugs and Pregnancy , Clin. Obstet. Gynecol.
16 : 199 –224 (Mar.) 1973 .
10.
Mirkin
B. L.
: Developmental Pharmacology , Ann. Rev. Pharmacol.
10 : 255 –272 , 1970 .
11.
Tuchmann-Duplessis
H.
: Drug Effects on the Fetus.
Adis Press , Sidney , 1975 .
12.
Dancis
J.
Hwang
J.
: Perinatal Pharmacology.
Raven Press , New York , 1974 .
13.
Yaffe
S. J.
: Symposium on Pediatric Pharmacology , Pediatr. Clin. N. Am.
19 : (Feb.) 1972 .
14.
Yaffe
S. J.
: Symposium on Drug Therapy in the Neonate , Clin. Perinatology
2 : (March) 1975 .
15.
Shepard
T. H.
: Teratogenicity From Drugs—An Increasing Problem , Disease-a-Month : (June) 1974 .
16.
Nishimura
H.
Tanimura
T.
: Clinical Aspects of the Teratogenicity of Drugs.
Am. Elseviar Publishing Co. , New York , 1976 .
17.
Speidel
B. D.
Meadow
S. R.
: Epilepsy, Anticonvulsants and Congenital Malformations , Drugs
8 : 345 –365 , 1974 .
18.
Speidel
B. D.
Meadow
S. R.
: Maternal Epilepsy and Abnormalities of the Fetus and Newborn , Lancet
2 : 839 –843 (Oct. 21) 1972 .
19.
Annegers
J. F.
Eluebeck
L. R.
Hauser
W. A.
: Do Anticonvulsants Have a Teratogenic Effect?
Arch. Neurol.
31 : 364 –373 (Dec.) 1974 .
20.
Janz
D.
Fuchs
V.
: Sind Antiepileptische Medikamente Wahrend Der Schwangerschaft Schadlick , Deut Med. Worchenschr.
89 : 214 –243 , 1964 .
21.
South
J.
: Teratogenic Effect of Anticonvulsants , Lancet
2 : 1154 (Nov. 25) 1972 .
22.
Koppe
J. G.
: Epilepsie en Aangeboren Afwfkingen , Men. Tijdschr. Geneeskd.
117 : 229 –234 , 1973 (abstracted from reference 21).
23.
Lowe
C. R.
: Congenital Malformations Among Infants Born to Epileptic Women , Lancet
1 : 9 –10 (Jan. 6) 1973 .
24.
Monson
R. R.
Rosenberg
M. S.
Hartz
S. C.
: Diphenylhydantoin and Selected Congenital Malformations , New Engl. J. Med.
289 : 1049 –1052 (Nov. 15) 1973 .
25.
Shapiro
S.
Hartz
S. C.
Siskind
V.
: Anticonvulsants and Parental Epilepsy in the Development of Birth Defects , Lancet
1 : 272 –275 (Feb. 7) 1976 .
26.
Fedrick
J.
: Epilepsy and Pregnancy: A Report from the Oxford Record Linkage Study , Br. Med. J.
2 : 422 –448 (May 26) 1973 .
27.
Bjerkedal
T.
Banna
S. L.
: The Course and Outcome of Pregnancy in Women with Epilepsy , Acta Obstet. Gynecol Scand
52 : 245 –248 , 1973 .
28.
MacNaughton
M. C.
: Maternal Epilepsy and Abnormalities of the Fetus and Newborn , Lancet
2 : 1088 (Nov. 18) 1972 .
29.
Hill
R. B.
Verniaud
W. M.
Horning
M. G.
: Infants Exposed In Utero to Antiepileptic Drugs . Am. J. Dis. Child
127 : 645 –653 (May) 1974 .
30.
Saxen
I.
: Associations Between Oral Clefts and Drugs Taken During Pregnancy , Int. J. Epidemiology
4 : 37 –44 (Jan.) 1975 .
31.
Dronamraju
K. R.
: Epilepsy and Cleft Lip and Palate , Lancet
2 : 876 –877 (Oct. 24) 1970 .
32.Anticonvulsants in Pregnancy . Drug. Ther. Bull.
13 : 33 –35 (Apr. 25) 1975 .
33.
Mirkin
B. L.
: Diphenylhydantoin, Placental Transport, Fetal Localization, Neonatal Metabolism and Possible Teratogenic Effects , J. Pediatr.
78 : 329 –337 (Feb.) 1971 .
34.
Melchior
J. C.
Svensmark
O.
Trolle
D.
: Placenta Transfer of Phenobarbitone in Epileptic Women and Elimination in Newborn , Lancet
2 : 860 –861 (Oct. 21) 1967 .
35.
Rane
A.
: Urinary Excretion of Diphenylhydantoin Metabolites in Newborn Infants , J. Pediatr.
85 : 534 –545 (Oct.) 1974 .
36.
Waddell
W. J.
Mirkin
B. L.
: Distribution and Metabolism of Diphenylhydantoin in Fetal and Maternal Tissues of the Pregnant Mouse , Biochem. Pharmacol.
21 : 547 –552 (Feb. 15) 1972 .
37.
Muntz
F.
Houston
E.
Schneider
R.
: Chromosomal Effects of Diphenylhydantoins , Clin. Res.
17 : 28 (Jan.) 1969 .
38.
Bishun
N. P.
Smith
N. S.
Williams
D. C.
: Chromosomes and Anticonvulsant Drugs . Matation. Res.
28 : 141 –143 , 1975 .
39.
Fraser
J. L.
Watt
M. J.
: Megaloblastic Anemia in Pregnancy and the Puerperium , Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.
89 : 532 –535 (June) 1964 .
40.
Hall
M. H.
: Folic Acid Deficiency and Congenital Malformations , J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw.
79 : 159 –161 , 1972 .
41.
Norris
J. W.
Pratt
R. F.
: Folic Acid Deficiency and Epilepsy , Drugs
8 : 366 –385 , 1974 .
42.
Tyler
M. W.
King
E. Q.
: Phenacemide in the treatment of Epilepsy , J. Am. Med. Assoc.
147 : 17 –21 (Sept. 1) 1951 .
43.
Moya
F.
Thorndike
V.
: Passage of Drugs Across the Placenta , Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.
84 : 1778 –1798 (Dec.) 1962 .
44.
Ginsburg
J.
: Placental Drug Transfer , Ann. Rev. Pharmacol.
2 : 387 –408 , 1971 .
45.
Martinez
G.
Snyder
R. D.
: Transplacental Passage of Primidone , Neurology
23 : 381 , 383 (Apr.) 1973 .
46.
Forfar
J. O.
Nelson
M. A.
: Epidemiology of Drugs Taken By Pregnant Women. Drugs that May Affect the Fetus Adversely , Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.
14 : 632 –642 (Jul.-Aug.) 1973 .
47.
Hill
R. M.
: Drugs Ingested by Pregnant Women , Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.
14 : 654 –659 (Jul.-Aug.) 1973 .
48.
Seip
M.
: Growth Retardation, Dysmorphic Facies and Minor Malformations Following Massive Exposure to Phenobarbitone in Utero , Acta Pediatr. Scand.
65 : 617 –621 , 1975 .
49.
Hawkins
C. F.
Meynell
M. J.
: Macrocytosis and Megaloblastic Anemia in Epileptics on Anticonvulsant Drugs , Q. J. Med.
25 : 567 –568 , 1965 .
50.
Hawkins
C. F.
Meynell
M. J.
: Macrocytosis and Macrocytic Anemia Caused by Anticonvulsant Drugs , Q. J. Med.
27 : 45 –63 , 1958 .
51.
Calvert
R. J.
Hurworth
E.
MacBean
A. L.
: Megaloblastic Anemia from Mephophenobarbital , Blood
13 : 894 –898 (Sept.) 1958 .
52.
Chanarin
I.
Mollin
D. L.
Anderson
B. B.
: Folic Acid Deficiency and the Megaloblastic Anaemias , Proc. R. Soc. Med.
51 : 757 , 1958 .
53.Manufacturer's product information — Clonazepam , Roche Laboratories Nutley , New Jersey (Aug.) 1975 .
54.
Woodbury
D. M.
Penry
J. K.
Schmidt
R. P.
: Antiepileptic Drugs.
Raven Press , New York , p. 497 , 1972 .
55.
Ibid p. 517 .
56.
Burt
R. A. P.
: The Foetal and Maternal Pharmacology of Some of the Drugs Used for the Relief of Pain in Labour , Br. J. Anaesth.
43 : 824 –836 (Sept.) 1971 .
57.
Idanpaan-Heikkila
J. E.
Jouppila
F. T.
Poolakka
J. O.
: Placental Transfer and Fetal Metabolism of Diazepam in Early Human Pregnancy , Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.
109 : 1001 –1016 (Apr.) 1971 .
58.
Mandelli
M.
Morselli
P. L.
Nordio
S.
: Placental Transfer of Diazepam and its Disposition in the Newborn, J . Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.
17 : 564 –572 (May) 1975 .
59.
Stenchever
M. A.
Frankel
R. B.
: Some Effects of Diazepam in Human Cells in Vitro , Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.
103 : 836 –842 (Oct.) 1969 .
60.
Stenchever
M. A.
Allen
M.
: Effect of Diazepam on Chromosomes of Human Leukocytes in Vivo , Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.
107 : 456 –460 (July) 1970 .
61.
White
B. J.
Briscoll
E. J.
Tjio
J.
: Chromosomal Aberration Rates and Intravenously Given Diazepam , J. Am. Med. Assoc.
230 : 414 –417 (Oct. 21) 1974 .
62.
Istvan
E. J.
: Drug-Associated Congenital Abnormal-Con . Med Assoc. J.
103 : 1394 (Dec. 19) 1970 .
63.
Safra
M. J.
Oakley
G. P.
: Association Between Cleft Lip with or without Cleft palate and Exposure to Diazepam , Lancet
2 : 478 –480 (Sept. 13) 1975 .
64.
Telephone communication: John J. Pepper, M. D., Director, Department of Medical Services, Roche Laboratories (July) 1972 .
65.
Milkovich
L.
van den Berg
B. J.
: Effects of Prenatal Meprobamate and Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride on Human Embryonic and Fetal Development , New Engl. J. Med.
29 : 1268 –1271 (Dec. 12) 1974 .
66.
Hartz
S. C.
Heinonen
O. P.
Shapiro
S.
: Antenatal Exposure to Meprobamate and Chlordiazepoxide in Relation to Malformations, Mental Development and Childhood Mortality , New Engl. J. Med.
292 : 726 –728 (Apr. 3) 1975 .
67.
Pynnone
S.
Sallanpoa
M.
: Carbamazepine and Mothers Milk , Lancet
2 : 563 (Sept. 20) 1975 .
68.Product Information—Tegretol® , Geigy Pharmaceuticals (Nov.) 1975 .
69.
Hanson
J. W.
Smith
S. W.
: The Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome , J. Pediatr.
87 : 285 –290 (Aug.) 1975 .
70.
Barr
M.
Poznanski
A. K.
Schmickel
R. D.
: Digital Hypoplasia and Anticonvulsants During Gestation: A Teratogenic Syndrome? J . Pediatr.
84 : 254 –256 (Feb.) 1974 .
71.
Pendergrass
T. W.
Hanson
J. W.
: Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome and Neuroblastoma , Lancet
2 : 150 (July) 1976 .
72.
Massey
K. M.
: Teratogenic Effects of Diphenylhydantoin Sodium , J. Oral Ther.
2 : 380 –385 (Mar.) 1966 .
73.
Gibson
J. E.
Becker
B. A.
: Teratogenic Effect of Diphenylhydantoin in Swiss-Webster and A/J Mice , Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.
128 : 905 –909 , 1968 .
74.
Elshove
J.
: Cleft Palate in the Offspring of Female Mice Treated with Phenytoin , Lancet
2 : 705 , 1969 (abstracted from reference 16).
75.
Harbison
R. D.
Becker
B. A.
: Diphenylhydantoin Teratogenicity in Rats , Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.
22 : 193 –200 (June) 1972 .
76.
German
J.
Kowal
A.
Eklers
K. H.
: Trimethadione and Human Teratogenesis , Teratology
3 : 349 –361 (Nov.) 1970 .
77.
Nichols
M. M.
: Fetal Anomalies Following Maternal Trimethadione Ingestion , J. Pediatr.
82 : 885 –886 (May) 1973 .
78.
Rashayan
H.
Prozansky
D.
Pruzansky
S.
: Are Anticonvulsants Teratogenic?
Lancet
2 : 702 –703 (Sept. 25) 1971 .
79.
Zellweger
H.
: Anticonvulsants During Pregnancy: A Danger to the Developing Fetus?
Clin. Pediatr.
13 : 338 –339 (Apr.) 1974 .
80.
Zackai
E. H.
Mellman
W. J.
Weiderer
B.
: The Fetal Trimethadione Syndrome , J. Pediatr.
87 : 280 –284 (Aug.) 1975 .
81.
Woodbury
D. M.
Penry
J. K.
Schmidt
R. P.
: Antiepileptic Drugs.
Raven Press , New York , p. 422 , 1972 .
82.
Kienssberg
E. V.
: Teratogenic Effects of Anticonvulsants . Lancet
1 : 198 (Jan. 27) 1973 .
83.
Woodbury
D. M.
Penry
J. K.
Schmidt
R. P.
: Antiepileptic Drugs.
Raven Press , New York , p. 469 , 1972 .
84.
Maren
T. H.
: Teratology and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition , Arch. Ophthalmol.
85 : 1 –2 (Jan.) 1971 .
85.
McBride
W. G.
: The Teratogenic Action of Drugs . Med J. Aust.
2 : 689 –693 (Oct. 26) 1963 .
86.
Horky
K.
Kuchel
O.
Gregovrova
I.
: Effect of Aminoglutethimide on Urinary Steroid Excretion in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Incomplete 21-hydroxylase Deficiency , Metabolism
21 : 305 –312 , 1972 .
87.
Faglia
G.
Gattinorri
L.
Travaglini
P.
: 11-beta-hydroxylase Inhibition During Aminoglutethimide Administration , Metabolism
20 : 266 –272 , 1971 .
88.
Hanson
T. J.
Ballonoff
L. B.
Northcutt
R. C.
: Aminoglutethimide and Pregnancy , J. Am. Med. Assoc.
230 : 963 –964 (Nov. 18) 1974 .
89.
Iffy
L.
Ansell
J.
Bryant
J.
: Nonadrenal Female Pseudohermaphroditism: An Unusual Case of Fetal Masculinization , Obstet. Gynecol.
26 : 59 –65 , 1965 .
90.
LeMaire
W. J.
Cleveland
W. W.
Bejar
R. L.
: Aminoglutethimide: A possible Cause of Pseudohermaphroditism in Females , Am. J. Dis. Child.
124 : 421 –423 , 1972 .
91.
Mangurten
H. H.
Ban
R.
: Neonatal Hypotonia Secondary to Transplacental Bromism , J. Pediatr.
85 : 426 –428 (Sept.) 1974 .
92.
Pleasure
J. R.
Blackburn
M. G.
: Neonatal Bromide Intoxication: Prenatal Ingestion of a Large Quantity of Bromides with Transplacental Accumulation in the Fetus , Pediatrics
55 : 503 –506 (Apr.) 1975 .
93.
Opitz
J. M.
Grosse
F. R.
Haneberg
B.
: Congenital Effects of Bromism?
Lancet
1 : 91 (Jan.) 1972 .
94.
Rossiter
E. J. R.
Rendle-Short
T. J.
: Congenital Effects of Bromism?
Lancet
2 : 705 (Sept. 30) 1972 .
