Pharmacokinetic Aspects of the Dialysis of Drugs

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Kucers A. Bennett N.McK. : The Use of Antibiotics, Lippincott, J. B., Philadelphia, 2nd ed., 1975.

Reidenberg M. M. : Renal Function and Drug Action, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1971.

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Bailey G. L. (ed.): Hemodialysis, Principles and Practice, Academic Press, New York, 1972.

Tenckhoff H. : Peritoneal Dialysis Today: A New Look, Nephron 12: 420–436, 1974.

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Adler D. S. : Hemodialysis of Phenytoin in a Uremic Patient, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 18: 65–69 (July) 1975.

Gibson T. P. : Artificial Kidneys and Clearance Calculations, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 20: 720–726 (Dec.) 1976.

Tozer T. N. : Evaluation of Hemodialysis for Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl®) Overdose, Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 31: 986–989 (Oct.) 1974.

Koch-Weser J. : Serum Drug Concentrations as Therapeutic Guides, N. Engl. J. Med. 287: 227–231 (Aug. 3) 1972.

Knepshield J. H. : Dialysis of Poisons and Drugs, Annual Review, Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs 19: 590–633, 1973.

Drayer D. E. : Pharmacologically Active Metabolites: Therapeutic and Toxic Activities, Plasma and Urine Data in Man, Accumulation in Renal Failure, Clin. Pharmacokinetics 1: 426–443, 1976.

Block E. R. : Flucytosine and Amphotericin B: Hemodialysis Effects on the Plasma Concentration and Clearance. Studies in Man, Ann. Intern. Med. 80: 613–617 (May) 1974.

Rault R. M. : 5-Fluorocytosine Treatment of Candidiasis on a Patient Receiving Regular Hemodialysis, Clin. Nephrol. 3: 225–225, 1975.

Greenberg P. A. Sanford J. P. : Removal and Absorption of Antibiotics in Patients with Renal Failure Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis, Ann. Intern. Med. 66: 465–479 (Mar.) 1967.

Kunin C. M. : Persistence of Antibiotics in Blood of Patients with Acute Renal Failure. II. Chloramphenicol and its Metabolic Products in the Blood of Patients with Severe Renal Disease or Hepatic Cirrhosis, J. Clin. Invest. 38: 1498–1508, 1959.

Oe P. L. : Pharmacokinetics of the New Penicillins, Amoxycillin and Flucloxacillin in Patients with Terminal Renal Failure Undergoing Hemodialysis, Chemotherapy 19: 279–288, 1973.

Jusko W. J. : Ampicillin and Hetacillin Pharmacokinetics in Normal and Anephric Subjects, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 14: 90–99 (Jan.-Feb.) 1973.

Hoffman T. A. : Pharmacodynamics of Carbenicillin in Hepatic and Renal Failure, Ann. Intern. Med. 73: 173–178 (Aug.) 1970.

Eastwood J. B. Curtis J. R. : Carbenicillin Administration in Patients with Severe Renal Failure, Br. Med. J. 1: 486–487 (Feb. 24) 1968.

McClosky R. V. Hayes CP : Plasma Levels of Dicloxacillin in Oliguric Patients and the Effects of Hemodialysis, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 7: 770–772, 1967.

Williams T. W. : Effect of Hemodialysis on Dicloxacillin Concentration in Plasma, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 7: 767–769, 1967.

Gombos E. A. : Dialysis Properties of Newer Antimicrobial Agents, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 4: 373–376, 1964.

Nauta E. H. : Pharmacokinetics of Cloxacillin in Patients on Chronic Intermittent Haemodialysis and in Healthy Subjects, Chemotherapy 19: 261–271, 1973.

Bulger R. G. : Effect of Uremia on Methicillin and Oxacillin Blood Levels, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 187: 319–322 (Feb. 1) 1964.

Shear L. : Peritoneal Transport of Antibiotics in Man, N. Engl. J. Med. 272: 666–668 (Apr. 1) 1965.

Ruedy J. : The Effects of Peritoneal Dialysis on the Physiological Disposition of Oxacillin, Ampicillin, and Tetracycline in Patients with Renal Disease, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 94: 257–261 (Feb. 5) 1975.

Bryan C. S. Stone W. J. : “Comparably Massive” Penicillin G Therapy in Renal Failure, Ann. Intern. Med. 82: 189–195 (Feb.) 1975.

Curtis J. R. : Parenteral Admin. of Gentamicin in Renal Failure: Patients Undergoing Intermittent Hemodialysis, Br. Med. J. 2: 537–539 (May 27) 1967.

Mahon W. A. : Studies on Gentamicin Clearance During Peritoneal and Hemodialysis (abstract), Clin. Res. 21: 1018, 1973.

Lockwood W. R. Bower J. D. : Tobramycin and Gentamicin Concentrations in the Serum of Normal and Anephric Patients, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 3: 125–129 (Jan.) 1973.

Christopher T. G. : Gentamicin Pharmacokinetics During Hemodialysis, Kidney Int. 6: 38–44, 1974.

Halpren B. A. : Clearance of Gentamicin during Hemodialysis: Comparison of Four Artificial Kidneys, J. Infect. Dis. 133: 627–636 (June) 1976.

Smithivas T. : The Use of Gentamicin in Peritoneal Dialysis, I. Pharmacologic Results, J. Infect. Dis. 124 (suppl.):577–583 (Dec.) 1971.

Gary N. E. : Peritoneal Clearance and Removal of Gentamicin, J. Infect. Dis. 124 (suppl.):596–597 (Dec.) 1971.

Jusko W. J. : Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin During Peritoneal Dialysis in Children, Kidney Int. 9: 430–438, 1976.

Ory E. M. : Kanamycin in the Treatment of Patients with Diminished Kidney Function, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 132: 933–940, 1966.

Cutler R. E. Orme B. M. : Correlation of Serum Creatinine Concentration and Kanamycin Half-life, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 209: 539–542 (July 28) 1969.

Atkins R. C. : Peritoneal Transfer of Kanamycin and Its Use in Peritoneal Dialysis, Kidney Int. 3: 391–396, 1973.

Danish M. : Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin and Kanamycin During Hemodialysis, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 6: 841–847 (Dec.) 1974.

Altman G. : Blood Levels of Ampicillin, Kanamycin and Gentamicin in the Uremic Patient, Isr. J. Med. Sci. 6: 683–690 (Nov.-Dec.) 1970.

Davis J. E. : Uremia, Deafness, and Paralysis Due to Irrigating Antibiotic Solutions, Arch. Intern. Med. 125: 135–139 (Jan.) 1970.

Krumlovsky F. A. : Dialysis in Treatment of Neomycin Overdosage, Ann. Intern. Med. 76: 443–446 (Mar.) 1972.

Edwards K. D. G. Whyte H. M. : Streptomycin Poisoning in Renal Failure, Br. J. Med. 1: 752–754 (Mar. 21) 1959.

Knepshield J. H. : Dialysis of Poisons and Drugs-Annual Review, Am. Soc. Artific. Intern. Organs 19: 590–633, 1973.

Jaffe G. : Pharmacokinetics of Tobramycin in Patients with Stable Renal Impairment, Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis and Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 5: 611–616 (June) 1974.

Kunin C. M. : Persistence of Antibiotics in Blood of Patients with Acute Renal Failure. I. Tetracycline and Chlortetracycline, J. Clin. Invest. 39: 1487–1497, 1959.

Lee P. : Doxycycline: Studies in Normal Subjects and Patients with Renal Failure, N.Z. Med. J. 75: 355–358 (June) 1972.

Letten J. M. : Doxycycline (Vibramycin®) in Chronic Renal Failure, Nephron 11: 318–324, 1973.

Linquist J. A. : Cephalexin in Patients with Renal Disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 283: 720–723 (Oct. 1) 1973.

Bailey R. R. : The Effect of Impairment of Renal Function and Haemodialysis on Serum and Urine Levels of Cephalexin, Postgrad. Med. J. 46 (suppl.): 60–64, 1970.

Reisberg B. R. Mandelbaum J. M. : Cephalexin: Absorption and Excretion as Related to Renal Function and Hemodialysis, Infect. Immun. 3: 540–543 (Apr.) 1971.

Levison M. E. : Pharmacology of Cefazolin in Patients with Normal and Abnormal Renal Function, J. Inf. Dis. 128 (suppl): S354–S356 (Oct.) 1973.

McCloskey R. V. : Hemodialysis of Cefazolin, J. Inf. Dis. 128 (suppl): S358–S360 (Oct.) 1973.

Craig C. P. Rifkin S. I. : Pharmacokinetics and Hemodialyzability of Cefazolin in Uremic Patients, Clin. Pharmacol Ther. 19: 825–829 (June) 1976.

Madhavan T. : Effects of Renal Failure and Dialysis on Cefazolin Pharmacokinetics, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 8: 63–66 (July) 1975.

Kunin C. M. Atuk N. : Excretion of Cephaloridine and Cephalothin in Patients with Renal Impairment, N. Engl. J. Med. 274: 654–656 (Mar. 24) 1966.

Perkins R. L. : Cephalothin and Cephaloridine: Comparative Pharmacodynamics in Chronic Uremia, Am. J. Med. Sci. 257: 116–124 (Feb.) 1969.

Curtis J. R. Marshall M. J. : Cephaloridine Serum Levels in Patients on Maintenance Haemodialysis, Br. Med. J. 2: 149–151 (Apr. 18) 1970.

Venuto R. C. Plant M. E. : Cephalothin Handling in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 10: 50–52, 1970.

McCloskey R. V. : Effect of Hemodialysis and Renal Failure on Serum and Urine Concentrations of Cephapirin Sodium, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1: 90–93 (Feb.) 1972.

Goodwin N. J. Friedman E. A. : The Effects of Renal Impairment, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Hemodialysis on Serum Sodium Colistimethate Levels, Ann. Intern. Med. 68: 984–994 (May) 1968.

Curtis J. R. Eastwood J. B. : Colistin Sulphomethate Sodium Administration in the Presence of Severe Renal Failure and During Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis, Br. Med. J. 1: 484–485 (Feb. 24) 1968.

Cimino J. E. Tierno P. M. : Hemodialysis Properties of Clindamycin (7-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin); Applied Microbiol. 17: 446–448, 1969.

Peddie B. A. : The Effect of Impairment of Renal Function and Dialysis on the Serum and Urine Levels of Clindamycin, Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 5: 198–202 (June) 1975.

Reinarz J. A. McIntosh D. : Lincomycin Excretion in Patients with Normal Renal Function, Severe Azotemia, and with Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 5: 232–238, 1965.

Lindholm D. D. Murray J. S. : Persistence of Vancomycin in the Blood During Renal Failure and Its Treatment by Hemodialysis, N. Engl. J. Med. 274: 1047–1051 (May 12) 1966.

Eykyn S. : Vancomycin for Staphylococcal Shunt Site Infections in Patients on Regular Haemodialysis, Br. Med. J. 3: 80–82 (July 11) 1970.

Ogg C. S. : Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Patient on Intermittent Haemodialysis, Br. Med. J. 2: 283–284 (May 4) 1968.

Jorgensen H. E. Wieth J. D. : Dialysable Poisons: Haemodialysis in the Treatment of Acute Poisoning, Lancet 1: 81–84 (Jan. 12) 1963.

Hagstam K. E. Lindholm T. : Treatment of Exogenous Poisoning with Special Regard to the Need for Artificial Kidney in Severe Complicated Cases, Acta Med. Scand. 175: 507–514, 1964.

Cocco A. E. Pazourek L. J. : Acute Isoniazid Intoxication-Management by Peritoneal Dialysis, N. Engl. J. Med. 269: 852–853 (Oct. 17) 1963.

Gold C. H. : Isoniazid Pharmacokinetics in Patients in Chronic Renal Failure, Clin. Nephrology 6: 365–369 (Aug.) 1976.

Craig W. A. Kunin C. M. : Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: Pharmacodynamic Effects of Urinary pH and Impaired Renal Function, Ann. Intern. Med. 78: 491–497 (Apr.) 1973.

Ackerman G. L. : Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis of Tritiated Digoxin, Ann. Intern. Med. 67: 718–723 (Oct.) 1967.

Finkelstein F. O. : Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin and Digitoxin in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis, Am. J. Med. 58: 525–531 (Apr.) 1975.

Kramer P. : Comparative Studies on Dialysance and Renal Clearance of Various Cardiac Glycosides, Proc. Eur. Dialysirans. Assoc. 7: 212–216, 1970.

Gibson T. P. : Elimination of Procainamide in End Stage Renal Failure, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 17: 321–329 (Mar.) 1975.

Gibson T. P. : N-acetylprocainamide Levels in Patients with End-Stage Renal Failure, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 19: 206–212 (Feb.) 1976.

Lowenthal D. T. : Pharmacokinetics of Oral Propranolol in Chronic Renal Disease, Clin, Pharmacol. Ther. 16: 761–769 (Nov.) 1974.

Bianchetti G. : Pharmacokinetics and Effects of Propranolol in Terminal Uraemic Patients and in Patients Undergoing Regular Dialysis Treatment, Clin. Pharmacokinetics 1: 373–384, 1976.

Reimold E. W. : Use of Hemodialysis in the Treatment of Quinidine Poisoning, Pediatrics 52: 95–99 (July) 1973.

Sellers E. M. Koch-Weser J. : Protein Binding and Vascular Activity of Diazoxide, N. Engl. J. Med. 281: 1141–1145 (Nov. 20) 1969.

Yeh B. K. : Removal of alpha-Methyldopa (Aldomet) in Man by Dialysis, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 135: 840–843, 1970.

Oie S. : Effect of Hemodialysis on Kinetics of Acetaminophen Elimination by Anephric Patients, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 18: 680–686 (Dec.) 1975.

Faurid N. R. : Haemodialysis in Paracetamol Self-Poisoning, Lancet 2: 396–398 (Aug. 26) 1972.

Prescott L. F. : Haemodialysis in Paracetamol Self-Poisoning, Lancet 2: 652 (Sep. 23) 1972.

Maclean D. : Treatment of Acute Paracetamol Poisoning, Lancet 2: 849–852 (Oct. 19) 1968.

Kallen R. J. : Hemodialysis in Children: Technique, Kinetic Aspects Related to Varying Body Size, and Application to Salicylate Intoxication, Acute Renal Failure and Some Other Disorders, Medicine 45: 1, 1966.

Schlegel R. J. : Peritoneal Dialysis for Severe Salicylism: An Evaluation of Indications and Results, J. Pediatr. 69: 553–562 (Oct.) 1966.

Summitt R. L. Etteldorf J. N. : Salicylate Introduction in Children — Experience with Peritoneal Dialysis and Alkalinization of the Urine, J. Pediatr. 64: 803–814(June) 1964.

Gary N. E. : Acute Propoxyphene Hydrochloride Intoxication, Arch. Intern. Med. 121: 453–457 (May) 1968.

Mauer S. M. : Hemodialysis in an Infant with Propoxyphene Intoxication, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 17: 88–92 (Jan.) 1975.

Harthone J. W. : Management of Massive Imipramine Overdosage with Mannitol and Artificial Dialysis, N. Engl. J. Med. 268: 33–36 (Jan. 3) 1963.

Sjoavist F. : The pH-dependent Excretion of Monomethylated Tricyclic Antidepressants, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 10: 826–833 (Nov.-Dec.) 1969.

Halle M. A. Collipp P. J. : Amitriptyline Hydrochloride, Unsuccessful Treatment by Peritoneal Dialysis, N.Y. State Med. J. 69: 1434–1436 (June 1) 1969.

Asbach H. W. Schuler H. W. : Amitriptyline and Imipramine Poisoning in Children, Br. Med. J. 3: 524 (Aug. 24) 1974.

Bailey R. R. : Haemodialysis and Forced Diuresis for Tricyclic Antidepressant Poisoning, Br. Med. J. 4: 230 (Oct. 26) 1974.

Wright N. Cooke D. : Haemodialysis and Forced Diuresis for Tricyclic Antidepressant Poisoning, Br. Med. J. 4: 407 (Nov. 16) 1974.

Arram M. M. McGinn J. T. : Extracorporeal Hemodialysis in Phenothiazine Overdosage, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 197: 182–183 (July 11) 1966.

Hawkins J. B. Dorken P. R. : Lithium, Lancet 1: 839–840 (Apr. 19) 1969.

Amidsen A. Skjoldborg H. : Hemodialysis for Lithium Poisoning, Lancet 2: 213 (July 26).

Hadden J. : Acute Barbiturate Intoxication, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 209: 893–900 (Aug. 11) 1969.

Robinson R. R. : Treatment of Acute Barbiturate Intoxication, Mod. Treatment 8: 561–579 (Aug.) 1971.

Henderson L. W. Merrill J. P. : Treatment of Barbiturate Intoxication, Ann. Intern. Med. 64: 876–891 (Apr.) 1966.

Setter J. G. : Barbiturate Intoxication, Arch. Intern. Med. 117: 224–236 (Feb.) 1966.

Cruz A. : Hemodialysis in Chlordiazepoxide Toxicity, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 202: 136–138 (Oct. 30) 1967.

Welch L. T. : Oil Dialysis for Ethchlorvynol Intoxication, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 13: 745–749 (Sept.-Oct.) 1972.

Chazan J. A. Garella S. : Glutethimide Intoxication, Arch. Intern. Med. 128: 215–219 (Aug.) 1971.

Ozdemir A. I. Tannenberg A. M. : Peritoneal and Hemodialysis for Acute Glutethimide Overdosage, N.Y. State J. Med. 72: 2076–2079 (Aug. 15) 1972.

Mandelbaum J. M. Simon N. M. : Severe Methyprylon Intoxication Treated by Hemodialysis, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 216: 139–140 (Apr. 5) 1971.

Cutler R. E. : Pharmacokinetics of Furosemide in Normal Subjects and Functionally Anephric Patients, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 15: 588–596 (June) 1974.

Bacon G. E. : Prolonged Serum Half-life of Cortisol in Renal Failure, John Hopkins Med. J. 132: 127–131 (Feb.) 1973.

Graw R. G. Clarre R. E. : Chlorpropamide Intoxication and Treatment with Peritoneal Dialysis, Pediatrics 45: 196–109, 1970.

Sullivan J. F. Eissenstein A. B. : Ascorbic Acid Depletion During Hemodialysis, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 220: 1697–1699 (June 26) 1972.

Skoutakis V. A. : Folic Acid Dosage for Chronic Hemodialysis Patients, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 18: 200–204 (Aug.) 1975.