Clinical Pharmacy CASE Studies

Church G. Schamroth L. Schwartz N. L. Marriott H. J. : Deliberate Digitalis Intoxication, Ann. Inter. Med. 57: 946–956 (Dec.) 1962.

Chung E. K. : Digitalis Intoxication, The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Md., 1969, p. 42–90 and 165–173.

Giuffra L. J. Tseng H. L. : Some Clinical Aspects of Digitalis Intoxication, N.Y. State J. Med. 52: 581–583, 1952.

Jelliffe R. W. Buell J. Kalaba R. : Reduction of Digitalis Toxicity by Computer-Assisted Glycoside Dosage Regimens, Ann. Intern. Med. 77: 891–906 (Dec.) 1972.

Siersbaek-Nielsen K. Hansen J. Molholm Kampmann J. Kristensen M. : Rapid Evaluation of Creatinine Clearance, Lancet 1: 1133–1134 (May 29) 1971.

Hansen J. Molholm Kampmann J. Laursen H. : Renal Excretion of Drugs in the Elderly, Lancet 1: 1170 (May 30) 1970.

Jelliffe R. W. : New Developments in Drug Dosage Regimens, J. Mond. Pharm. 1: 15, p. 53, 1972.

Jelliffe R. W. : An Improved Method of Digoxin Therapy, Ann. Inter. Med. 69: 703–717 (Oct.) 1968.

Wagner J. G. : Loading and Maintenance Doses of Digoxin in Patients with Normal Renal Function and Those with Severely Impaired Renal Function, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 14: 329–338 (July) 1974.

Doherty J. E. Hall W. H. Murphy M. L. Beard O. W. : New Information Regarding Digitalis Metabolism, Chest 59: 433–437, 1971.

Goodman L. S. Gilman A. : The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 4th ed., The MacMillan Company, Toronto, Canada, 1970, p. 697.

Ewy G. A. Bertron M. D. Ball M. F. Nunnio L. Jackson B. Marcus F. : Digoxin Metabolism in Obesity, Circ. 44: 810–814 (Nov.) 1971.

Harrison C. E. Brandenburg R. O. Ongley P. A. Orvis X. L. Owen C. A. : The Distribution and Excretion of Tritiated Substances in Experimental Animals Following the Administration of Digoxin3-H, J. Lab Clin. Med. 67: 764–777 (May) 1966.

Dutta S. Marks Hi B. : Distribution of Ouabain and Digoxin in the Rat and Guinea Pig, Life Sci. 5: 915–920, 1966.

Craddock D. : Obesity and Its Management, E. and S. Livingstone Ltd., London (1969).

Kolendorf K. Christiansen N. J. B. Siersbaek-Nielsen K. Molholm Hansen J. : Serum-Digoxin after Dosage Regimen Based on Body Weight and Renal Function, Lancet 2: 326 (Aug. 12) 1972.

Ogilvie R. I. Ruedy J. : An Educational Program in Digitalis Therapy, J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 222: 50–55 (Oct. 2) 1972.

Smith T. W. Haber E. : Digoxin Intoxication: The Relationship of Clinical Presentation to Serum Digoxin Concentration, J. Clin. Invest. 49: 2377–2386, 1970.

Doherty J. E. : Digitalis Serum Levels: Clinical Use, Ann. Intern. Med. 74: 787–789 (May) 1971.

Beller G. A. Smith T. W. Abelmann W. H. Haber E. Hood W. B. Jr. : Digitalis Intoxication — A Prospective Clinical Study with Serum Level Correlations, New Engl. Med. 284: 989–997 (May 6) 1971.

Krasula R. Yanagi R. Hastreiter A. R. Levitsky S. Soyka L. F. : Digoxin Intoxication in Infants and Children: Correlation with Serum Levels, J. Ped. 84: 265–269 (Feb.) 1971.

Duhme D. W. Greenblatt D. J. Koch-Weser J. : Reduction of Digoxin Toxicity Associated with Measurement of Serum Levels, Ann. Intern. Med. 80: 516–519 (Apr.) 1974.

Ewy G. A. Kapadia G. G. Yao L. Lullin M. Marcus F. I. : Digoxin Metabolism in the Elderly, Circ. 39: 449–453 (April) 1969.

Greenblatt D. J. Duhme D. W. Koch-Weser J. Smith T. W. : Evaluation of Digoxin Bioavailability in Single-Dose Studies, New Engl. J. Med. 289: 651–654 (Sept.) 1973.

Jelliffe R. W. : An Improved Method for Replacing One Digitalis Glycoside with Another, Med. Times 98: 105–117 (Jan.) 1970.

Personal data to be published.

Schott A. : Observation on Digitalis Intoxication — A Plea, Postgrad. Med. J. 40: 628–643 (Nov.) 1964.

Jelliffe R. W. Jelliffe S. M. : A Computer Program for Estimation of Creatinine Clearance from Unstable Serum Creatinine Levels, Age, Sex and Weight, Math. Biosci. 14: 17–24, 1972.

Friedberg H. D. : Atrial Fibrillation and Digitalis Toxicity, Am. Heart J. 77: 429–430 (Mar.) 1969.

Chung E. K. : Digitalis Intoxication, The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Md., 1969, p. 18.

Reuning R. H. Sams R. A. Notari R. E. : Role of Pharmacokinetics in Drug Dosage Adjustment. I. Pharmacologic Effect Kinetics and Apparent Volume of Distribution of Digoxin, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 13: 127–141, Apr. 1973.

Goodman L. S. Gilman A. : The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 4th ed., The MacMillan Company. Toronto, Canada, 1970, p. 701.

Doherty J. E. Perkins W. H. Flanigan W. J. : The Distribution and Concentration of Tritiated Digoxin in Human Tissues, Ann. Intern. Med. 66: 116–124, 1967.

Wagner J. G. Yates J. D. Willis P. W. III Sakmar E. Stoll R. G. : Correlation of Plasma Levels of Digoxin in Cardiac Patients with Dose and Measures of Renal Function, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 15: 291–301 (Mar.) 1974.

Peck C. C. Sheiner L. B. Carrol M. M. Combs D. T. Melmon K. L. : Computer-Assisted Digoxin Therapy, New Engl. J. Med. 289: 441–446 (Aug. 30) 1973.

Jelliffe R. W. Buell J. Kalaba R. Sridhar R. Rockwell R. : A Computer Program for Digitalis Dosage Regimens, Math. Biosci. 9: 179–193, 1970.

Rules and Regulations, Title 21, Chapter 1 — Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Part 130 — New Drugs. Conditions for Marketing of Digoxin Products. Federal Register 39: 2471–2479 (Jan. 22) 1974.

Lindenbaum J. Mellon M. H. Blackstone M. O. Butler V. P. : Variation in Biologic Availability of Digoxin from Four Preparations, New Engl. J. Med. 285: 1344–1347, 1971.

Wagner J. G. Christensen M. Sakmar E. Blair D. Yates J. D. Willis P. W. Sedman A. J. Stoll R. G. : Equivalence Lack in Digoxin Plasma Levels, J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 224: 199–204 (Apr. 9) 1973.

Sanchez N. Sheiner L. B. Halkin H. Melmon K. L. : Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin: Interpreting Bioavailability, Brit. Med. J. 4: 132–134 (Oct. 20) 1973.

Harrison D. C. Robinson M. D. Kleiger R. E. : Role of Hypoxia in Digitalis Toxicity, Amer. J. Med. Sci. 256: 352–359 (Dec.) 1968.

Szekely P. Wynne N. A. Pearson D. T. Batson G. A. Sideris : Direct Current Shock and Digitalis — A Clinical and Experimental Study, Brit. Heart J. 31: 91–96, 1969.

Friedberg C. K. : Diseases of the Heart, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa., 19105, (1966) p. 571.

Mason D. T. : Digitalis Pharmacology and Therapeutics' Recent Advances, Ann. Intern. Med. 80: 520–530 (Apr.) 1974.

Hughes J. L. Mansour E. Salel A. F. : Elective Conversion of Atrial Fibrillation: Relation of Energy Level, Digitalis and Lidocaine to Postshock Rhythm (abstract), Amer. J. Cardiol. 26: 639, 1970.

Friedberg C. K. : Diseases of the Heart, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa., 19105, (1966) p. 354–355.

Goodman L. S. Gilman A. : The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 4th ed., The MacMillan Company, Toronto, Canada, 1970, p. 695.

Doherty J. E. Kane J. J. : Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Use of Digitalis Glycosides, Drugs 6: 182–221 1973.

Seller R. H. : The Role of Magnesium in Digitalis Toxicity, Amer. Heart J. 82: 551–556 (Oct.) 1971.

Friedberg C. K. : Diseases of the Heart, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa., 19105, (1966) p. 377.

Ibid p. 357.

Ogden P. C. Selzer A. Cohn K. E. : The Relationship Between the Inotropic and Dromotropic Effects of Digitalis: The Modulation of these Effects by Autonomic Influences, Amer. Heart J. 77: 682–635 (May) 1969.

Rosenfeld M. D. Ed.: Manual of Medical Therapeutics, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, Mass. (1971) p. 127–129.

Friedberg C. K. : Diseases of the Heart, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa. 19105 (1966) p. 377.

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 7th ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, N.Y. (1974).

Sodeman W. A. Sodeman W. A. Jr. : Pathologic Physiology — Mechanisms of Disease, 4th ed., W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa. 19105 (1968).

Friedberg C. K. : Diseases of the Heart, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa. 19105 (1966) p. 351–389.

Doherty J. E. Perkins W. H. : Digoxin Metabolism in Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism, Ann. Intern. Med. 64: 489–507 (Mar.) 1966.

Friedberg C. K. : Diseases of the Heart, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa. 19105 (1966), p. 146, 247–248, 334.

Goodman L. S. Gilman A. : The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 4th ed., The MacMillan Company, Toronto, Canada (1970) p. 800.

Wilensky A. J. Lowden J. A. : Inadequate Serum Levels After Intramuscular Administration of Diphenylhydantoin, Neurology 23: 318–324 (Mar.) 1973.

Serrano E. E. Raye D. B. Hammer R. H. Wilder B. J. : Plasma Diphenylhydantoin Values After Oral and Intramuscular Administration of Diphenylhydantoin, Neurology 23: 311–317 (Mar.) 1973.

Bashour F. A. Edmonson R. E. Gupta D. N. Prati R. : Treatment of Digitalis Toxicity of Diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin), Dis. Chest 53: 263–270 (Mar.) 1968.

Helfant R. H. Suffert G. W. Patton R. D. Stein E. Damato A. N. : The Clinical Use of Diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) in the Treatment and Prevention of Cardiac Arrhythmias, Amer. Heart J. 77: 315–323 (Mar.) 1969.

Levy R. H. Smith G. H. : Dosage Regimens of Antiarrhythmics Part I: Pharmacokinetic Properties, Amer. J. Hosp. Pharm. 30: 398–404 (May) 1973.

Levy R. H. Smith G. H. : Dosage Regimens of Antiarrhythmics Part IT: Applications, Amer. J. Hosp. Pharm. 30: 494–498 (June) 1973.

Thompson P. D. Rowland M. Melmon K. L. : The Influence of Heart Failure, Liver Disease, and Renal Failure on the Disposition of Lidocaine in Man, Amer. Heart J. 82: 417–421 (Sept.) 1971.

Thompson P. D. Melmon K. L. Richardson J. A. Cohn K. Steinbrunn W. Cudihee R. Rowland M. : Lidocaine Pharmacokinetics in Advanced Heart Failure, Liver Disease, and Renal Failure in Humans, Ann. Intern. Med. 78: 499–508 (Apr.) 1973.

Chung E. K. Chung D. K. : Recognizing Digitalis Toxicity in Patients with Artificial Pacemakers, Postgrad. Med. 54: 149–154 (Mar.) 1973.

Caldwell J. H. Greenberger N. J. : Interruption of the Enterohepatic Circulation of Digitoxin by Cholestyramine I. Protection Against Lethal Digitoxin Intoxication, J. Clin. Invest. 50: 2626–2637, 1971.

Bazzano G. Bazzano G. S. : Digitalis Intoxication — Treatment with a New Steroid-Binding Resin, J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 220: 828–830 (May 8) 1972.

Young R. C. Nachman R. L. Horowitz H. I. : Thrombocytopenia Due to Digitoxin — Demonstration of Antibody and Mechanisms of Action, Amer. J. Med. 41: 605–613 (Oct.) 1966.

Schmidt D. H. Butler V. P. : Reversal of Digoxin Toxicity with Specific Antibodies, J. Clin. Invest. 50: 1738–1744, 1971.

Sherwood L. M. Parris E. E. : Digoxin: Immunologic Approaches to Measurement and Reversal of Toxicity, New Engl. J. Med. 283: 1150–1156 (Nov. 19) 1970.

Luchi R. J. Gruber J. W. : Unusually Large Digitalis Requirements — A Study of Altered Digoxin Metabolism, Amer. J. Med. 45: 322–328 (Aug.) 1968.

Smith R. W. Haber E. : Digitalis (First of Four Parts), New Engl. J. Med. 289: 952–955 (Nov. 1) 1973.

Smith T. W. Haber E. : Digitalis (Second of Four Parts) New Engl. J. Med. 289: 1010–1015 (Nov. 8) 1973.

Smith T. W. Haber E. : Digitalis (Third of Four Parts) New Engl. J. Med. 289: 1063–1072 (Nov. 15) 1973.

Smith T. W. Haber E. : Digitalis (Fourth of Four-Parts) New Engl. J. Med. 289: 1117–1125 (Nov. 22) 1973.

Ferrer M. Irene Bradley S. E. Wheeler H. O. Enon Y. Preisig R. Harvey R. M. : The Effect of Digoxin in the Splanchnic Circulation in Ventricular Failure, Circ. 32: 524–536 (Oct.) 1965.

Lely A. H. Van Enter C. H. J. : Non-Cardiac Symptoms of Digitalis Intoxication, Amer. Heart J. 83: 149–152 (Feb.) 1972.

Robertson D. M. Hollenhorst R. W. Callahan J. A. : Ocular Manifestations of Digitalis Toxicity, Arch. Ophthal. 76: 640–644 (Nov.) 1966.

Moser R. H. Ed., Diseases of Medical Progress: A Study of Iatrogenic Disease, 3rd ed., Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill., (1969), p. 84–86.

Soyka L. F. : Clinical Pharmacology of Digoxin, Med. Clin. N. Amer. 19: 241–256 (Feb.) 1972.

Jelliffe R. W. : U.S.C. PACK computer programs, copyright 1972, University of Southern California. These and related programs are available for access and use by community hospitals over Network Softwave Services. General Electric March III Timesharing System, 7735 Old Georgetown Road, Bethesda, Md., 20014.

Mawer G. E. Lucas S. B. Knowles B. R. Stirland R. M. Tooth J. A. : Computer-Assisted Prescribing of Kanamycin for Patients with Renal Insufficiency, Lancet 1: 12–15 (Jan. 1) 1972.