State strategies for pharmacist prescribing exist on a continuum from most restrictive to least restrictive. Using human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis and post-exposure prophylaxis as a case study, there are 3 viable pharmacist prescribing models: (1) population-based collaborative practice agreements; (2) government protocols; and (3) standard of care prescribing. The advantages and disadvantages of these 3 models are reviewed.
RobertsGERubinSESmithJKAdamsAJKlepserDG.Public health perceptions of community pharmacy partnership opportunities. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2015;21(4):413-415. doi:10.1097/PHH.0000000000000276
2.
GubbinsPOKlepserMEAdamsAJJacobsDMPercivalKMTallmanGB.Potential for pharmacy-public health collaborations using pharmacy-based point-of-care testing services for infectious diseases. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2017;23(6):593-600. doi:10.1097/PHH.0000000000000482
3.
RosenfeldLAEtkindPGrassoAAdamsAJRothholzMC.Extending the reach: local health department collaboration with community pharmacies in Palm Beach County, Florida, for H1N1 influenza pandemic response. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2011;17(5):439-448. doi:10.1097/PHH.0b013e31821138ae
4.
HogueMDGrabensteinJDFosterSLRothholzMC.Pharmacist involvement with immunizations: a decade of professional advancement. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2006;46(2):168-179. doi:10.1331/154434506776180621
5.
AdamsAJSuchanek HudmonK.Pharmacist prescriptive authority for smoking cessation medications in the United States. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2018;58(3):253-257. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2017.12.015
BeahmNPSmythDJTsuyukiRT.Outcomes of urinary tract infection management by pharmacists (RxOUTMAP): a study of pharmacist prescribing and care in patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections in the community. Can Pharm J. 2018;151(5):305-314. doi:10.1177/1715163518781175
10.
AdamsAJFrostTP.The over-regulation of pharmacist services: why over-the-counter naloxone should spark conversation about a “standard of care” regulatory approach. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2023;6(6):615-620. doi:10.1002/jac5.1794
11.
AdamsAJEidD.Federal pharmacist paxlovid prescribing authority: a model policy or impediment to optimal care?Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2023;9:100244. doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100244
12.
AdamsAJWeaverKK.Pharmacists’ patient care process: a state “scope of practice” perspective. Innov Pharm. 2019;10(2):1-8. doi:10.24926/iip.v10i2.1389
13.
AdamsAJWeaverKK.Pharmacists’ patient care process: state “scope of practice” priorities for action. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;55(4):549-555. doi:10.1177/1060028020950193
14.
AdamsAJFrostTWeaverK.Pharmacy regulatory innovation index: benchmarking the regulatory environment in 10 western states. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2021;61(5):e84-e89. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2021.05.003.
15.
California Society of Health-System Pharmacists. SB 493. Date unknown. Accessed March 4, 2023. https://www.cshp.org/page/SB493
16.
National Alliance of State Pharmacy Associations (NASPA). Pharmacist prescribing: hormonal contraceptives. Published September 2022. Accessed March 4, 2023. https://naspa.us/resource/contraceptives/
17.
AdamsAJWeaverKK.The continuum of pharmacist prescriptive authority. Ann Pharmacother. 2016;50(9):778-784. doi:10.1177/1060028016653608
18.
AdamsAJWeaverKKAdamsJL.Revisiting the continuum of pharmacist prescriptive authority. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2023.06.025
PaltielADFreedbergKAScottCA, et al. HIV preexposure prophylaxis in the united states: impact on lifetime infection risk, clinical outcomes, and cost-effectiveness. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(6):806-815. doi:10.1086/597095
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC). Updated guidelines for antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV—United States. Published April 2016. Accessed March 4, 2023. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/38856
26.
LopezMLDongBJ.Implementing PrEP in the pharmacy. Pharm Today. 2020;26(4):39-53.
27.
KrakowerDWareNMittyJAMaloneyKMayerKH.HIV providers’ perceived barriers and facilitators to implementing pre-exposure prophylaxis in care settings: a qualitative study. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(9):1712-1721. doi:10.007/s10461-014-0839-3
28.
PetrollAEWalshJLOwczarzakJLMcAuliffeTLBogartLMKellyJA.PrEP awareness, familiarity, comfort, and prescribing experience among US primary care providers and HIV specialists. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(5):1256-1267. doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1625-1
29.
HavensJPScarsiKKSaylesHKlepserDGSwindellsSBaresSH.Acceptability and feasibility of a pharmacist-led HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) program in the midwestern United States. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(10):ofz365. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz365
30.
ZhaoADangerfieldDT2ndNunnA, et al. Pharmacy-based interventions to increase use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in the United States: a scoping review. AIDS Behav. 2022;26(5):1377-1392. doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03494-4
31.
TungELThomasAEichnerAShalitP.Implementation of a community pharmacy-based pre-exposure prophylaxis service: a novel model for pre-exposure prophylaxis care. Sex Health. 2018;15(6):556-561. doi:10.1071/SH18084
32.
BellmanRMohebbiSNobaharNParizherJApollonioDE.An observational survey assessing the extent of PrEP and PEP furnishing in San Francisco Bay Area pharmacies. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2022;62(1):370-377. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2021.08.001
33.
GauthierTPToroMCarrasquilloMZCorentinMLichtenbergerP.A PrEP model incorporating clinical pharmacist encounters and antimicrobial stewardship program oversight may improve retention in care. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(2):347-349. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy640
34.
KhosropourCMBackusKVMeansAR, et al. A pharmacist-led, same-day, HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis initiation program to increase PrEP uptake and decrease time to PrEP initiation. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020;34(1):1-6. doi:10.1089/apc.2019.0235
35.
BacciJLColeyKCMcGrathKAbrahamOAdamsAJMcGivneyMS.Strategies to facilitate the implementation of collaborative practice agreements in chain community pharmacies. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2016;56(3):257-265. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2016.02.014
36.
AdamsAJKlepserMKlepserD.Physician-pharmacist collaborative practice agreements: a strategy to improve adherence to evidence-based guidelines. Evid Based Med Public Health. 2015;1:e923. doi:10.14800/emph.923
37.
AdamsAJDering-AndersonAKlepserMEKlepserD.The roles of pharmacy schools in bridging the gap between law and practice. Am J Pharm Educ. 2018;82(4):6577. doi:10.5688/ajpe6577
38.
AdamsAJ.Pharmacist scope of practice expansion: the virtue of forbearance. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2021;4(9):1067-1069. doi:10.1002/jac5.1465
AdamsAJFrostTP.Pathways to pharmacist prescriptive authority: do decentralized models for expanded prescribing work. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2022;18(4):2695-2699. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.07.016
AdamsAJ.Pharmacist prescriptive authority: lessons from Idaho. Pharmacy. 2020;8:112. doi:10.3390/pharmacy8030112
47.
AdamsAJ.Transitioning pharmacy to “standard of care” regulation: analyzing how pharmacy regulates relative to medicine and nursing. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2019;15(10):1230-1235. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.10.008
48.
AdamsAJChopskiNL.Rethinking pharmacy regulation: core elements of Idaho’s transition to a “standard of care” approach. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2020;60(6):e109-e112. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2020.07.013
49.
AdamsAJKlepserDGKlepserMEAdamsJL.Pharmacy-based point-of-care testing: how a “standard of care” approach can facilitate sustainability. Innov Pharm. 2021;12(4):1-4. doi:10.24926/iip.v12i4.4290
AdamsJAAdamsAJKlepserME.Pharmacist prescriptive authority for acne: an evidence-based approach to policy. Innov Pharm. 2021;12(2):1-4. doi:10.24926/iip.v12i2.3897
53.
AkersJMAdamsAJKlepserME.Review of pharmacy-based management of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in community pharmacy settings. Int J Pharm. 2018;8(2):63-69.
54.
KlepserMEAdamsAJ.Pharmacy-based management of influenza: lessons learned from research. Int J Pharm Pract. 2018;26(6):573-578. doi:10.1111/ijpp.12488
55.
VanderholmTRennerHMStolpeSFAdamsAJ.An innovative approach to improving the proposed CMS star rating “statin use in persons with diabetes. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2018;24(11):1126-1129. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2018.24.11.1126
56.
AdamsAJ.Pharmacist prescriptive authority for epinephrine auto-injectors in Idaho. Innov Pharm. 2016;7(3):14. doi:10.24926/iip.v7i3.457
57.
Athay AdamsJChopskiNLAdamsAJ.Opportunities for pharmacist prescriptive authority of buprenorphine following passage of the mainstreaming addiction treatment (MAT) act. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2023; S1544-S3191. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2023.06.001
58.
AdamsAJKlepserME.Pharmacy-based assessment and management of herpes labialis (cold sores) with antiviral therapy. Innov Pharm. 2020;11(3):1-6. doi:10.24926/iip.v11i3.1532
59.
AdamsAJAdamsJ.Does increased state pharmacy regulatory burden lead to better public safety outcomes?. Innov Pharm. 2021;12(1):1-6. doi:10.24926/iip.v12i1.3598