National Association of School Nurses (NASN) Position Statement: Safe Work Environments for School Nurses and School Health Services Teams

American Nurses Association. (2020). ANA’s principles for nurse staffing (3rd ed.). Author. https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/4850206/PNS3E_ePDF.pdf

American Nurses Association. (2021). WPV. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice- policy/advocacy/state/workplace-violence2/.

American Nurses Association. (2025). American Nurses Association position statement on workplace violence. https://www.nursingworld.org/globalassets/practiceandpolicy/nursing-excellence/incivility-bullying-and-workplace-violence–ana-position-statement.pdf.

American Organization for Nursing Leadership & Emergency Nurses Association. (2022a). A toolkit for mitigating violence in the workplace. https://www.aonl.org/system/files/media/file/2022/10/AONL-ENA_workplace_toolkit.pdf.

American Organization for Nursing Leadership & Emergency Nurses Association. (2022b). AONE & ENA guiding principles: Mitigating violence in the workplace. https://www.aonl.org/system/files/media/file/2022/10/AONL-ENA_workplace_guiding_principles.pdf .

Beeber L. Delaney K. R. Hauenstein E. Iennaco J. Schimmels J. Sharp D. Shattell M. (2023). Five urgent steps to address violence against nurses in the workplace. Health Affairs Forefront. https://doi.org/10.1377/forefront.20230822.174151

Dunsford J. (2022). Nursing violent patients: Vulnerability and the limits of the duty to provide care. Nursing Inquiry, 29, e12453. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12453

Fletcher D. Sparks B. Loehr K. Austin S. Fernamberg M. McMullen J. Murphy J. C. Pihlstrom L. Potter C. (2025). Position statement on workplace violence, incivility, and bullying in ambulatory care. American Academy of Ambulatory Care Nursing. https://www.nursingworld.org/globalassets/practiceandpolicy/nursing-excellence/incivility-bullying-and-workplace-violence–ana-position-statement.pdf .

Havaei F. MacPhee M. (2020). The impact of heavy nurse workload and patient/family complaints on WPV: An application of human factors framework. Nursing Open, 7(3), 731–741. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.444

Idowu T. (2023). Supporting school nurses: Training resources to identify risks and mitigate school shooting incidents. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 28(3), manuscript 4. https://www.https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol28No03Man04

Jones C. B. Sousane Z. Mossburg S. (2023). Addressing WPV and creating a safer workplace. PSNet. https://psnet.ahrq.gov/perspective/addressing-workplace-violence-and-creating-safer-workplace.

Kim S. Kitzmiller R. Baernholdt M. Lynn M. R. Jones C. B. (2023). Patient safety culture: The impact on WPV and health worker burnout. Workplace Health & Safety, 71(2), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799221126364

Kim S. Mayer C. Jones C. B. (2021). Relationships between nurses’ experiences of WPV, emotional exhaustion and patient safety. Journal of Research in Nursing, 26(1–2), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120960200

Lim M. C. Jeffree M. S. Saupin S. S. Giloi N. Lukman K. A. (2022). WPV In healthcare settings: The risk factors, implications and collaborative preventive measures. Annals of Medicine & Surgery, 78, 103727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103727

Markkanen P. Anttila M. Välimäki M. (2021). Supporting student’s mental health: A cross-sectional survey for school nurses. Children, 8(2), 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020129

Menendez C. C. Arespacochaga E. Begley R. Bhatnagar M. Ross P. Schaefer M. E. Spring C. Tisdale-Pardi J. (2025). Prioritizing our healthcare workers: The importance of addressing the intersection of WPV and mental health and wellbeing. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2024/05/29/hcw_violence_mh/?utm_source=chatgpt.com .

Merkle S. L. Welton M. van Zyl A. Chong M. Tanner A. Rose C. E. Hertz M. Hill L. Leroy Z. C. Sifre K. Thomas E. S. (2023). Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal ideation among school nurses in prekindergarten through grade 12 schools — United States. The Journal of School Nursing, 39(2), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405221131048

NASP School Safety and Crisis Response Committee. (2021). Behavior threat assessment and management: Best practice considerations for K–12 schools. National Association of School Psychologists. https://www.nasponline.org/btam .

National Council of State Boards of Nursing. (2023). The NCSBN 2023 environmental scan: Nursing at a crossroads—an opportunity for action. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 13(4), S1–S48. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2155-8256(23)00006-6

National Nurses United. (2021). Injury to none. Preventing WPV to protect health care workers and their patients. https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/sites/default/files/nnu/documents/0221_HS_WPV_InjuryToNone_Brief.pdf .

National Nurses United. (2024a). High and rising rates of WPV and employer failure to implement effective prevention strategies is contributing to the staffing crisis. https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/sites/default/files/nnu/documents/0224_Workplace_Violence_Report.pdf .

National Nurses United. (2024b). WPV prevention. Safe staffing is a key measure. https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/sites/default/files/nnu/documents/0624_WPVP_SafeStaffingKeyMeasure_factSheet.pdf .

Occupational Safety and Health Act. (1970). 29 USC 654. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/oshact/section5-duties.

Pagnucci N. Ottonello G. Capponi D. Catania G. Zanini M. Aleo G. Timmins F. Sasso L. Bagnasco A. (2022). Predictors of events of violence or aggression against nurses in the workplace: A scoping review. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1724–1749. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13635

Peters A. El-Ghaziri M. Quinn B. Simons S. Taylor R. (2021). An exploratory study of bullying exposure among school nurses: Prevalence and impact. The Journal of School Nursing, 37(6), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840519897308

Selekman J. Monforto K. Selekman D. (2023). Violence toward and by youth: Part II: Recommendations for violence interventions in the school setting. NASN School Nurse, 38(4), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X231154547

Somani R. Muntaner C. Hillan E. Velonis A. J. Smith P. (2021). A systematic review: Effectiveness of interventions to de-escalate WPV against nurses in healthcare settings. Safety and Health at Work, 12(3), 289–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.04.004

Spencer C. Sitarz J. Fouse J. DeSanto K. (2023). Nurses’ rationale for underreporting of patient and visitor perpetrated WPV: A systematic review. Bmc Nursing, 22, 134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01226-8

The Joint Commission. (2021). R³ Report. Requirement, rationale, reference. WPV Prevention Standards. https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/standards/r3-reports/wpvp-r3-30_revised_06302021.pdf .

Urbanek K. A. Graham K. J. (2022). WPV prevention handbook for health care. Crisis Prevention Institute. https://platform.crisisprevention.com/CPI/media/Media/Resources/The-Workplace-Violence-Prevention-Handbook-for-Health-Care-Professionals.pdf .

U.S. Department of Education. (2024). Using functional behavioral assessments to create supportive learning environments. Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. https://sites.ed.gov/idea/files/Functional-Behavioral-Assessments-11-19-2024.pdf .

U.S. Department of Labor. (2024). Injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/iif/factsheets/workplace-violence-2021-2022.htm .

U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Healthcare - WPV. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/healthcare/workplace-violence/ .