School-Based Hemorrhage Control Training

Abstract

The number one cause of preventable death in trauma is uncontrolled bleeding. Considering the burden of injury and fatality from motor vehicle collisions, accidental injury, and now increasing school shooting incidents, more should be done to prepare and protect students from this preventable cause of death. A school-based hemorrhage control training program is one approach to improve survivability, school preparedness, injury prevention strategies, and to increase access to this life-saving training. As advocates and health educators, school nurses can play an important role in developing strategies to coordinate and implement hemorrhage control training curricula giving our youth the greatest chance for survival. To maximize the impact of school-based hemorrhage control training this project aims to understand student and faculty perceptions to help direct and inform future implementation and dissemination of hemorrhage control training.

Keywords

hemorrhage control training emergency preparedness program evaluation school health empowerment school nurses

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ali

Petrone

Berghorn

Jax

Brathwaite

C. E. M.

Brand

Joseph

D. K.

(2019). Teaching how to stop the bleed: Does it work? A prospective evaluation of tourniquet application in law enforcement officers and private security personnel. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 47(1), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-019-01113-5

ALICE. (2015). ALICE training institute k-12. https://www.alicetraining.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ALICE-CS1-National-12.22.2015.pdf

American College of Surgeons. (2020). The Hartford consensus. https://www.facs.org/about-acs/hartford-consensus

Baruch

E. N.

Benov

Shina

Berg

A. L.

Shlaifer

Glassberg

Aden

J. K.

Bader

Kragh

J. F.

Yitzhak

(2016). Does practice make perfect? Prospectively comparing effects of 2 amounts of practice on tourniquet use performance. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 34(12), 2356–2361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.08.048

Elkbuli

Dowd

Casin

Stotsenburg

Zitek

McKenney

Boneva

(2019). Stop the bleed training outreach initiatives targeting high school students: It takes a community to save a life. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 37(10), 1985–1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.04.033

Goolsby

Rojas

L. E.

Rodzik

R. H.

Gausche-Hill

Neal

M. D.

Levy

M. J.

(2021). High-School students can stop the bleed: A randomized, controlled educational trial. Academic Pediatrics, 21(2), 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2020.05.012

Goralnick

Chaudhary

M. A.

McCarty

J. C.

Caterson

E. J.

Goldberg

S. A.

Herrera-Escobar

J. P.

McDonald

Lipsitz

Haider

A. H.

(2018). Effectiveness of instructional interventions for hemorrhage control readiness for laypersons in the public access and tourniquet training study (PATTS): A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surgery, 153(9), 791–799. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2018.1099

Jones

Brown

Esslinger

Strickland

Kerby

(2019). Evaluation of “stop the bleed” training among k-12 faculty and staff in Alabama. Public Health Nursing, 36(5), 660–666. httpsss://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12638 https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12638

Kano

Ramirez

Ybarra

Frias

Bourque

(2007). Are schools prepared for emergencies? Education and Urban Society, 39(3), 399–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124506298130

10.

Kragh

J. F.

Walters

T. J.

Baer

D. G.

Fox

C. J.

Wade

C. E.

Salinas

Holcomb

J. B.

(2008). Practical use of emergency tourniquets to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. The Journal of Trauma, 64(2), S38–S50. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31816086b1

11.

Kue

R. C.

Temin

E. S.

Weiner

S. G.

Gates

Coleman

M. H.

Fisher

Dyer

(2015). Tourniquet use in a civilian emergency medical services setting: A descriptive analysis of the Boston EMS experience. Prehospital Emergency Care, 19(3), 399–404. https://doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2014.995842

12.

Lei

Swartz

M. D.

Harvin

J. A.

Cotton

B. A.

Holcomb

J. B.

Wade

C. E.

Adams

S. D.

(2019). Stop the bleed training empowers learners to act to prevent unnecessary hemorrhagic death. American Journal of Surgery, 217(2), 368–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.09.025

13.

McCarty

J. C.

Hashmi

Z. G.

Herrera-Escobar

J. P.

de Jager

Chaudhary

M. A.

Lipsitz

S. R.

Jarman

Caterson

E. J.

Goralnick

(2019). Effectiveness of the American College of Surgeons Bleeding Control Basic training among laypeople applying different tourniquet types: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surgery, 154(10), 923. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.2275

14.

Mell

H. K.

Mumma

S. N.

Hiestand

Carr

B. G.

Holland

Stopyra

(2017). Emergency medical services response times in rural, suburban, and urban areas. Journal of the American Medical Association Surgery, 152(10), 983–984. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2017.2230

15.

National Association of School Nurses [NASN] (2016). Framework for 21st century school nursing practice: National Association of School Nurses. NASN School Nurse, 31(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X15618644

16.

Pasley

A. M.

Parker

B. M.

Levy

M. J.

Christiani

Dubose

Brenner

M. L.

Scalea

Pasley

J. D.

(2018). Stop the bleed: Does the training work one month out? The American Surgeon, 84(10), 1635–1638. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30747685/ https://doi.org/10.1177/000313481808401020

17.

Riedman

(2022) K-12 school shooting database . https://k12ssdb.org/all-shootings

18.

Ross

E. M.

Redman

T. T.

Mapp

J. G.

Brown

D. J.

Tanaka

Cooley

C. W.

Kharod

C. U.

Wampler

D. A.

(2018). Stop the bleed: The effect of hemorrhage control education on laypersons’ willingness to respond during a traumatic medical emergency. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 33(2), 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X18000055

19.

Scerbo

Holcomb

Taub

Gates

Love

Wade

Cotton

(2017). The trauma center is too late: Major limb trauma without a pre-hospital tourniquet has increased death from hemorrhagic shock. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 83(6), 1165–1172. http://doi.org/0.1097/TA.0000000000001666

20.

Sidwell

R. A.

Spilman

S. K.

Feist

Fuchsen

E. A.

Taber

P. S.

Pelaez

C. A.

(2022). Hemorrhage control training: Preparing adolescents to act at home, at school, or in public. Pediatric Emergency Care, 38(1), 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000002164

21.

Tobias

Cunningham

Krakauer

Nacharaju

Moss

Galindo

Roberts

Hamilton

N. A.

Olsen

Emmons

Quackenbush

Schreiber

M. A.

Burns

B. S.

Sheridan

Hoffman

Gallardo

Jafri

M. A.

(2021). Protect our kids: A novel program bringing hemorrhage control to schools. Injury Epidemiology, 8(Suppl 1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-021-00318-w

22.

Tsur

A. M.

Binyamin

Koren

Ohayon

Thompson

Glassberg

(2019). High tourniquet failure rates among non-medical personnel do not improve with tourniquet training, including combat stress inoculation: A randomized controlled trial. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 34(3), 282–287. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X19004266

23.

USDHS. (2018). School-age trauma training. https://www.grants.gov/web/grants/view-opportunity.html?oppId=307563

24.

Weinman

(2019). Retention of tourniquet application skills following participation in a bleeding control course. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 46(2), 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2019.10.020

25.

Zhao

K. L.

Herrenkohl

Paulsen

Bulger

E. M.

Vavilala

M. S.

Moore

Pham

T. N.

(2019). Learners’ perspectives on stop the bleed: A course to improve survival during mass casualty events. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 4(1), e000331. https://doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2019-000331

26.

Zwislewski

Nanassy

A. D.

Meyer

L. K.

Scantling

Jankowski

M. A.

Blinstrub

Grewal

(2019). Practice makes perfect: The impact of stop the bleed training on hemorrhage control knowledge, wound packing, and tourniquet application in the workplace. Injury, 50(4), 864–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2019.03.025