The prevalence and contributing factors of workplace bullying (WPB) are unknown among school nurses (SNs) in kindergarten to 12th grade programs. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine individual and organizational characteristics of WPB in a sample of SNs in Virginia. Based on the Short-Negative Acts Questionnaire, 40% of nurses did not experience bullying behavior, 34.8% of nurses faced occasional bullying (now and then or monthly), and 25.3% of nurses were frequently bullied (weekly or daily). Backward stepwise regression demonstrated the predictor variables of being non-White, a licensed practical nurse, or not involved in student individual education plans were significantly associated with being bullied. Administrators/supervisors need to be aware of the existence of WPB.
AnY.KangJ. (2016). Relationship between organizational culture and workplace bullying among Korean nurses. Asian Nursing Research, 10, 234–239. doi:10.1016/j.anr.2016.06.004
2.
BronfenbrennerU. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3.
BuunkA. P.FrancoS.DijkstraP.ZurriagaR. (2017). Mobbing in schools and hospitals in Uruguay: Prevalence and relation to loss of status. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32, 623–634. doi:10.1177/0886260515625903
ConwayP.HøghA.Nabe-NielsenK.GrynderupM.MikkelsenE.PerssonR.…HansenA. (2018). Optimal cut-off pointsfor the short-negative act questionnaire and their association with depressive symptoms and diagnosis of depression. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 62, 281–294. doi:10.1093/annweh/wxx105
7.
CowellJ.BergrenM. (2016). Are school nurses victims of bullying?The Journal of School Nursing, 32, 302–303. doi:10.1177/1059840516663955
8.
DesrumauxP.GilletN.NicolasC. (2018). Direct and indirect effects of belief in a just world and supervisor support on burnout via bullying. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 2330. doi:10.3390/ijerph15112330
9.
DrugeM.SchleiderK.RosatiA. (2016). Bullying and harassment of trainee teachers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 228, 118–122. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07.018
10.
EinarsenS.HoelH.NotelaersG. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the negative acts questionnaire-revised. Work & Stress, 23, 24–44. doi:10.1080/02678370902815673
11.
EriksenW.EinarsenS. (2004) Gender minority as a risk factor of exposure to bullying at work: The case of male assistant nurses. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13, 473–492. doi:10.1080/13594320444000173
12.
EspelageD.AndermanE.BrownV.JonesA.LaneK.McMahonS.…ReynoldsC. (2013). Understanding and preventing violence directed against teachers: Recommendations for a national research, practice, and policy agenda. American Psychologist, 68, 75–87. doi:10.1037/a0031307
13.
FahieD.DevineD. (2014). The impact of workplace bullying on primary school teachers and principals. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 58, 235–252. doi:10.1080/00313831.2012.725099
14.
FarrellG.ShafieiT. (2012). Workplace aggression, including bullying in nursing and midwifery: A descriptive survey (the SWAB study). International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49, 1423–1431. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.06.007
15.
Farr-WhartonB.ShacklockK.BrunettoY.TeoS.Farr-WhartonR. (2017). Workplace bullying, workplace relationships and job outcomes for police officers in Australia. Public Money & Management, 37, 325–332. doi:10.1080/09540962.2017.1328180
16.
FattoriA.NeriL.AgugliaE.BellomoA.BisognoA.CamerinoD.…VioraU. (2015). Estimating the impact of workplace bullying: Humanistic and economic burden among workers with chronic medical conditions. BioMed Research International, 2015, Article 708908. doi:10.1155/2015/708908
17.
FontesK.SantanaR.PellosoS.CarvalhoM. (2013). Factors associated with bullying at nurses’ workplaces. Latin American Journal of Nursing, 21, 758–764. doi:10.1590/S0104-11692013000300015
18.
FoxS.StallworthL. (2005). Racial/ethnic bullying: Exploring links between bullying and racism in the US workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 438–456. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2004.01.002
19.
GalandB.LecocqC.PhilippotP. (2007). School violence and teacher professional disengagement. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 465–477. doi:10.1348/000709906X114571
20.
GilletN.ForestJ.BenabouC.BenteinK. (2015). The effects of organizational factors, psychological need satisfaction and thwarting, and affective commitment on workers’ well-being and turnover intentions. Le Travail Humain, 78, 119–140. doi:10.3917/th.782.0119
21.
HouckN.ColbertA. (2017). Patient safety and workplace bullying: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 32, 164–171. doi:10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000209
22.
HoulahanB. (2018). Origins of school nursing. The Journal of School Nursing, 34, 203–210. doi:10.1177/1059840517735874
23.
IBMCorp. (2018). IBM SPSS statistics for windows (Version 25.0). Armonk, NY: Author.
24.
JohnsG. (2006). The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31, 386–408.
25.
JohnsonJ. (1988). Differences in the performances of baccalaureate, associate degree, and diploma nurses: A meta-analysis. Research in Nursing & Health, 11, 183–197.
26.
LaschingerH.GrauA.FineganJ.WilkP. (2010). New graduate nurses’ experiences of bullying and burnout in hospital settings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 2732–2742. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05420.x
27.
Lutgen-SandvikP.TracyS. J.AlbertsJ. K. (2007). Burned by bullying in the American workplace: Prevalence, perception, degree and impact. Journal of Management Studies, 44, 837–862. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00715.x
28.
McKennaB.SmithN.PooleS.CoverdaleJ. (2003). Horizontal violence: Experiences of registered nurses in their first year of practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42, 90–96. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02583.x
NetoM.FerreiraA.MartinezL.FerreiraP. (2017). Workplace bullying and presenteeism: The path through emotional exhaustion and psychological wellbeing. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 61, 528–538. doi:10.1093/annweh/wxx022
33.
OzkilicR. (2012). Bullying toward Teachers: An example from Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 47, 95–112.
34.
PitneyW.WeuveC.MazerolleS. (2016). Experiences with and perceptions of workplace bullying among athletic trainers in the secondary school setting. Journal of Athletic Training, 51, 709–716.
35.
PolitD. F.BeckC. T. (2012). Resource manual for nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
36.
RodwellJ.BrunettoY.DemirD.ShacklockK.Farr-WhartonR. (2014). Abusive supervision and links to nurse intentions to quit. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 46, 357–365. doi:10.1111/jnu.12089
37.
SauerP.McCoyT. (2017). Nurse bullying: Impact on nurses’ health. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 39, 1533–1546. doi:10.1177/0193945916681278
38.
SimonsS. (2008). Workplace bullying experienced by Massachusetts registered nurses and the relationship to intention to leave the organization. Advances in Nursing Science, 31, E48–E59.
39.
SinhaS.YadavR. (2017). Workplace bullying in school teachers: An Indian enquiry. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 8, 200–205.
40.
SoperD. S. (2019). Post-hoc statistical power calculator for multiple regression[Software]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc
41.
VerkuilB.AtasayiS.MolendijkM. (2015). Workplace bullying and mental health: A meta-analysis on cross-sectional and longitudinal data. PLoS One, 10, e0135225. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135225
WillgerodtM.BrockD.MaughanE. (2018). Public school nursing practice in the United States. The Journal of School Nursing, 34, 232–244. doi:10.1177/1059840517752456
45.
YokoyamaM.SuzukiM.TakaiY.IgarashiA.Noguchi-WatanabeM.Yamamoto-MitaniN. (2016). Workplace bullying among nurses and their related factors in Japan: A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Clinical Research, 25, 2478–2488. doi:doi:10.1111/jocn.13270
