This paper outlines an array of categories that denote kinds of influence
variables operative in organizational systems-including structures, rela
tionships, and technology. Articulating influences in organizational sys
tems from this view allows us to synthesize literature from a variety of
system levels (interpersonal, group, intergroup, and organizational) and
sources (social and technical) by addressing the question: What variables
influence a communicator's behavior at any given time?
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adams, J.D.Phases of personal and professional development. Unpublished manuscript. Washington, D.C.: National Training Laboratories, Institute for Applied Behavioral Science, 1974.
2.
Ashby, W.R.Principles of the self-organizing system. In W. Buckley (Ed.), Modern systems research for the behavioral scientist. Chicago: Aldine, 1968.
3.
Barnard, C.I.The functions of the executive. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1938 .
4.
Bateson, G.Cybernetic explanation. American Behavioral Scientist , 1967, 10, 30.
5.
Bateson, G.Steps to an ecology of mind. San Francisco, Calif .: Chandler, 1972.
6.
Beckhard, R.Organization development: Strategies and models. Reading, Mass.:Addison-Wesley, 1969.
7.
Bem, D.J.Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena . Psychological Review, 1967, 74, 183-200.
8.
Bennis, W.Organizational development: Its nature, origins and prospects. Reading, Mass.:Addison-Wesley, 1969.
9.
Bion, W.R.Experiences in groups i-vi. Human Relations, 1948-1950, 1, 314-320, 487-496; 2, 13-22, 295-303; 3, 3-14, 395-402.
Bordow, A.Aggression and support levels in dyads: Clarification of a balanced effect . Journal of Social Psychology, 1974 , 93, 299-300.
12.
Browning, L.D.Developing a grounded communication theory: An approach to interpersonal behavior in an organization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1973.
13.
Cleland, D.I., & King, W.R.Systems analysis and project management. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1968.
14.
Collins, B.E., & Guetzkow, H.Social psychology of group processes for decision-making. New York: John Wiley, 1964.
15.
Collins, B.E., & Raven, B.H.Group structure: Attraction, coalitions, communications, and power . In G. Lindzey & A. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (2nd ed.), Vol. IV. Reading, Mass.:Addison-Wesley , 1969.
16.
Cooper, R.Man, task, and technology. Human Relations, 1972, 25, 131-157.
17.
Cummins, L.L., & Scott, W.E.Readings in organizational behavior and human performance. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1969 .
18.
Cunningham, W.G.The impact of student-teacher pairings on student orientation toward school related tasks. Journal of Educational Research, 1975, 68, 378-381.
19.
DeBono, E.Technology today. London: Routledge and Kegon, 1971.
20.
French, J.R.P., & Raven, B.The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright & A. Zander (Eds.) Group dynamics: Research and theory (2nd ed.). Evanston, Ill.: Row-Peterson. 1960.
21.
Goldhaber, G.Organizational communication. Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown, 1974.
22.
Gouldner, A.W.Metaphysical pathos and the theory of bureaucracy. American Political Science Review, 1955, 49, 496-507.
23.
Harvey, O.J., Hunt, D.E., & Schroder, H.M.Conceptual systems and personality organization . New York: John Wiley, 1961.
24.
Jones, E.E.Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior. Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press, 1972 .
25.
Kahn, R.L., & Katz, D.Leadership practices in relation to productivity and morale. In D. Cartwright & A. Zander (Eds.), Group dynamics: Research and theory (2nd ed.). Evanston, Ill.: Row-Peterson, 1960.
26.
Kelley, H.H.Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, (Vol. 15 ). Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1967.
27.
Kingdon, D.R.Team or group development: The development of dyadic relationships . Human Relations, 1974, 27, 169-178.
28.
Likert, R.New patterns of management. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.
29.
Lindsay, J.S.B.On the numbers in a group. Human Relations, 1972, 25, 47-64.
30.
Markey, V.K.Psychological need relationships in dyadic attraction and rejection . Psychological Reports, 1973, 32, 111-123.
31.
Mechanic, D.Sources of power of lower participants in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1962, 7, 349-364.
32.
Merton, R.K.Social theory and social structure. Glencoe, Ill. : Free Press, 1957.
33.
Mesthene, E.G.Technological change: Its impact on man and society. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970.
34.
Negandhi, A.R., & Reimann, B.C.Task environment, decentralization and organizational effectiveness . Human Relations, 1973, 26, 203-214.
35.
Parsons, T.The social system. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1951.
36.
Parsons, T.Suggestions for a sociological approach to the theory of organizations, I . Administrative Science Quarterly, 1956 ,1, 63-85.
37.
Perrow, C.Organizational goals. In International encyclopedia of the social sciences . New York: Macmillan, 1968.
38.
Piersol, D.Career and life planning. Paper presented to the School of Communication Faculty, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas, April 1975.
39.
Roberts, K., O'Reilly, C.A., III , Brelton, G., & Porter, L.Organizational theory and organizational communication: A communication failure? Human Relations, 1974, 27, 501-524.
40.
Rogers, E., & Shoemaker, F.F.Communication of innovations. New York: The Free Press, 1971.
41.
Rushing, W.A.Organizational rules and surveillance: Propositions in comparative organizational analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly , 1966, 10, 423-444.
42.
Russell, B.Power: A new social analysis. New York: Norton, 1938.
Schramm, W.The nature of communication between humans. In W. Schramm & D. F. Roberts (Eds.), The process and effects of mass communication (Rev. ed.) Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1971.
Selznick, P.Foundations of the theory of organization. American Sociological Review, 1948,13, 25-35.
47.
Simon, H.A.Administrative behavior. New York: The Free Press, 1957.
48.
Smithies, A.Government budgeting. In International encyclopedia of the social sciences (Vol. 2). New York: Macmillan, 1968.
49.
Steers, R.M., & Porter, L.W.The role of task goal attributes in employee performance. Psychological Bulletin, 1974, 81, 434-452.
50.
Stone, W.F.Patterns of conformity in couples varying in intimacy. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 1973, 27, 413-418.
51.
Susman, G.I.The impact of automation effectiveness on work group autonomy and task specialization . Human Relations, 1970 , 23, 567-577.
52.
Susman, G.I.Automation, alienation and work group autonomy. Human Relations , 1972, 25, 171-180.
53.
Taylor, J.C.Some effects of technology in organizational change. Human Relations, 1974, 24, 105-123.
54.
Thayer, L.Communication and communication systems. Homewood, Ill. : Richard D. Irwin, 1968.
55.
Thompson, J.D., & McEwen, W.J.Organizational goals and environment: Goal-setting as an interaction process . American Sociological Review, 1958 ,23,23-31.
56.
Timney, B., & London, H.Body language concomitants of persuasiveness and persuasibility in dyadic interaction. International Journal of Group Tensions , 1973,3,48-67.
57.
Toffler, A.Future shock. New York: Random House , 1970.
58.
Tuckman, B.W.Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin , 1965, 63, 384-499.
