Resilience has begun to receive attention in entrepreneurship research. However, most studies focus on organizational and individual resilience; little is known about team resilience in the entrepreneurship field. To fill the gap, this study explores team resilience and its formation and function in a specific context: new venture teams (NVTs). Conceptualizing team resilience as a second-order emergent state with first-order dimensions being resilience-efficacious beliefs and resilience-adaptive capacity, this study articulates the role of behavioral integration in cultivating team resilience and tests the effect of team resilience on NVT performance. Furthermore, a double-edged sword effect of affective integration is proposed: it strengthens the link between behavioral integration and team resilience but weakens the tie between team resilience and performance. Survey data collected from 488 entrepreneurs in 110 NVTs lend support to our hypotheses. These findings add to the knowledge of team resilience in a unique entrepreneurship setting, expand our understanding of NVT effectiveness, and provide implications to NVTs in terms of resilience building and team climate management.
AikenL. S.WestS. G.RenoR. R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
2.
AlligerG. M.CerasoliC. P.TannenbaumS. I.VesseyW. B. (2015). Team resilience. Organizational Dynamics, 44(3), 176-184.
3.
AmasonA. C.ShraderR. C.TompsonG. H. (2006). Newness and novelty: Relating top management team composition to new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(1), 125-148.
4.
AustinJ. R. (2003). Transactive memory in organizational groups: The effects of content, consensus, specialization, and accuracy on group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 866-878.
5.
AyalaJ.-C.ManzanoG. (2014). The resilience of the entrepreneur. Influence on the success of the business. A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 42, 126-135. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2014.02.004.
6.
BagozziR. P.BaumgartnerH. (1994) The evaluation of structural equation models and hypothesis testing (Vol. 1). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
7.
BanduraA. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social-cognitive view. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8.
BellE.BrymanA.HarleyB. (2018). Business research methods. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
9.
BennettJ. B.AdenC. A.BroomeK.MitchellK.RigdonW. D. (2010). Team resilience for young restaurant workers: Research-to-practice adaptation and assessment. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(3), 223-236.
10.
BezrukovaK.SpellC. S.PerryJ. L. (2010). Violent splits or healthy divides? Coping with injustice through faultiness. Personnel Psychology, 63(3), 719-751.
11.
BlattR. (2009). Resilience in entrepreneurial teams: Developing the capacity to pull through. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 29(11), 1.
12.
BlieseP. D. (2000). Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In KleinK. J.KozlowskiS. W. J. (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions (pp. 349–381). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
13.
BowersC.KreutzerC.Cannon-BowersJ.LambJ. (2017). Team resilience as a second-order emergent state: A theoretical model and research directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1360.
14.
BradleyB. H.PostlethwaiteB. E.KlotzA. C.HamdaniM. R.BrownK. G. (2012). Reaping the benefits of task conflict in teams: The critical role of team psychological safety climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 151-158.
15.
BranzeiO.AbdelnourS. (2010). Another day, another dollar: Enterprise resilience under terrorism in developing countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(5), 804-825.
16.
BrislinR. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
17.
BrodbeckF. C.KerschreiterR.MojzischA.Schulz-HardtS. (2007). Group decision making under conditions of distributed knowledge: The information asymmetries model. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 459-479.
18.
BulloughA.RenkoM. (2013). Entrepreneurial resilience during challenging times. Business Horizons, 56, 343-350. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2013.01.001.
19.
ButtnerE. H. (1992). Entrepreneurial stress: Is it hazardous to your health?Journal of Managerial Issues, 4(2), 223-240.
20.
CardonM. S.PostC.ForsterW. R. (2017). Team entrepreneurial passion: Its emergence and influence in new venture teams. Academy of Management Review, 42(2), 283-305. doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0356.
21.
CarmeliA. (2008). Top management team behavioral integration and the performance of service organizations. Group & Organization Management, 33(6), 712-735.
22.
CarmeliA.FriedmanY.TishlerA. (2013). Cultivating a resilient top management team: The importance of relational connections and strategic decision comprehensiveness. Safety Science, 51(1), 148-159.
23.
CarmeliA.TishlerA.EdmondsonA. C. (2012). CEO relational leadership and strategic decision quality in top management teams: The role of team trust and learning from failure. Strategic Organization, 10(1), 31-54.
24.
ChanD. (1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 234-246.
25.
ChoiS. Y.LeeH.YooY. (2010). The impact of information technology and transactive memory systems on knowledge sharing, application, and team performance: A field study. MIS Quarterly, 34(4), 855-870.
26.
ChrismanJ. J.BauerschmidtA.HoferC. W. (1998). The determinants of new venture performance: An extended model. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(1), 5-29.
27.
CiavarellaM. A.BuchholtzA. K.RiordanC. M.GatewoodR. D.StokesG. S. (2004). The Big Five and venture survival: Is there a linkage?Journal of Business Venturing, 19(4), 465-483.
28.
CohenP.WestS. G.AikenL. S. (2014). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
29.
ColeM. S.WalterF.BruchH. (2008). Affective mechanisms linking dysfunctional behavior to performance in work teams: A moderated mediation study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 945-958.
30.
CopeJ. (2005). Toward a dynamic learning perspective of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 373-397.
31.
CroninM. A.BezrukovaK.WeingartL. R.TinsleyC. H. (2011). Subgroups within a team: The role of cognitive and affective integration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(6), 831-849.
32.
De DreuC. K. W.WeingartL. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 741-749.
33.
De JongB. A.ElfringT. (2010). How does trust affect the performance of ongoing teams? The mediating role of reflexivity, monitoring, and effort. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 535-549.
34.
DeakinsD.FreelM. (1998). Entrepreneurial learning and the growth process in SMEs. The Learning Organization, 5(3), 144-155.
35.
DeeryS.IversonR.WalshJ. (2002). Work relationships in telephone call centres: Understanding emotional exhaustion and employee withdrawal. Journal of Management Studies, 39(4), 471-496.
36.
EisenhardtK. M.SantosF. M. (2002). Knowledge-based view: A new theory of strategy. In PettigrewA.ThomasH.WhittingtonR. (Eds), Handbook of strategy and management (pp. 139-164). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
37.
EnsleyM. D.PearsonA. W.AmasonA. C. (2002). Understanding the dynamics of new venture top management teams Cohesion, conflict, and new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(4), 365-386. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00065-3.
38.
EntinE. E.SerfatyD. (1999). Adaptive team coordination. Human Factors, 41(2), 312-325.
39.
FisherR.MaritzA.LoboA. (2016). Does individual resilience influence entrepreneurial success. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 22(2), 39-53.
40.
FordC. M. (1996). A theory of individual creative action in multiple social domains. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1112-1142.
41.
GorsuchR. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
42.
GucciardiD. F.CraneM.NtoumanisN.ParkerS. K.Thøgersen-NtoumaniC.DuckerK. J.TembyP. (2018). The emergence of team resilience: A multilevel conceptual model of facilitating factors. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(4), 729-768.
43.
GuillaumeY. R. F.Van KnippenbergD.BrodbeckF. C. (2014). Nothing succeeds like moderation: A social self-regulation perspective on cultural dissimilarity and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 57(5), 1284-1308.
44.
HambrickD. C. (1994). Top management groups: A conceptual integration and reconsideration of the “team” label. Research in Organizational Behavior, 16, 171-213.
45.
HayesA. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
46.
HayesA. F.MatthesJ. (2009). Computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations. Behavior Research Methods, 41(3), 924-936.
47.
HewstoneM.RubinM.WillisH. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 575-604.
48.
HmieleskiK. M.CarrJ. C. (2008). The relationship between entrepreneur psychological capital and new venture performance. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 28(4), 1.
49.
HoeglM.ErnstH.ProserpioL. (2007). How teamwork matters more as team member dispersion increases. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 24(2), 156-165. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2007.00240.x.
50.
HuJ.LidenR. C. (2011). Antecedents of team potency and team effectiveness: An examination of goal and process clarity and servant leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 851-862.
51.
IacovidesA.FountoulakisK. N.KaprinisS.KaprinisG. (2003). The relationship between job stress, burnout and clinical depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 75(3), 209-221.
52.
IlgenD. R.HollenbeckJ. R.JohnsonM.JundtD. (2005). Teams in organizations: From input-process-output models to IMOI models. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 517-543.
53.
JamalM. (1997). Job stress, satisfaction, and mental health: an empirical examination of self-employed and non-self-employed Canadians. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(4), 48.
54.
JamesL. R.DemareeR. G.WolfG. (1993). rwg: An assessment of within-group interrater agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 306-309.
55.
KammJ. B.ShumanJ. C.SeegerJ. A.NurickA. J. (1990). Entrepreneurial teams in new venture creation: A research agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(4), 7-17.
56.
KimD.VandenbergheC. (2020). Ethical leadership and team ethical voice and citizenship behavior in the military: The roles of team moral efficacy and ethical climate. Group & Organization Management, 45(4), 514-555. doi:1059601120920050.
57.
KleinK. J.KozlowskiS. W. J. (2000). From micro to meso: Critical steps in conceptualizing and conducting multilevel research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(3), 211-236.
58.
KlotzA. C.HmieleskiK. M.BradleyB. H.BusenitzL. W. (2014). New venture teams: A review of the literature and roadmap for future research. Journal of Management, 40(1), 226-255. doi:10.1177/0149206313493325.
59.
KortB.ReillyR.PicardR. W. (2001). An affective model of interplay between emotions and learning: Reengineering educational pedagogy-building a learning companion. Paper presented at the proceedings IEEE international conference on advanced learning technologies, Madison, WI, USA, 6–8 August 2001.
60.
KruglanskiA. W.PierroA.MannettiL.De GradaE. (2006). Groups as epistemic providers: Need for closure and the unfolding of group-centrism. Psychological Review, 113(1), 84-100.
61.
KuratkoD. F.HornsbyJ. S.NaffzigerD. W. (1997). An examination of owner’s goals in sustaining entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(1), 24.
62.
LePineJ. A.PiccoloR. F.JacksonC. L.MathieuJ. E.SaulJ. R. (2008). A meta‐analysis of teamwork processes: Tests of a multidimensional model and relationships with team effectiveness criteria. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 273-307.
63.
LiH.Atuahene-GimaK. (2001). Product innovation strategy and the performance of new technology ventures in China. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1123-1134.
64.
LiuJ.ChenJ.TaoY. (2015). Innovation performance in new product development teams in China’s technology ventures: The role of behavioral integration dimensions and collective efficacy. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 32(1), 29-44. doi:10.1111/jpim.12177.
65.
LiuY.LiY.HaoX.ZhangY. (2019). Narcissism and learning from entrepreneurial failure. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(3), 496-512.
66.
LovelaceK.ShapiroD. L.WeingartL. R. (2001). Maximizing cross-functional new product teams’ innovativeness and constraint adherence: A conflict communications perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 779-793.
MarksM. A.MathieuJ. E.ZaccaroS. J. (2001). A temporally based framework and taxonomy of team processes. Academy of Management Review, 26(3), 356-376.
69.
MathieuJ. E.HeffnerT. S.GoodwinG. F.SalasE.Cannon-BowersJ. A. (2000). The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(2), 273-283.
70.
MaynardM. T.KennedyD. M. (2016). Team adaptation and resilience: What do we know and what can be applied to long-duration isolated, confined, and extreme contexts. Houston, TX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
71.
MeneghelI.MartínezI. M.SalanovaM. (2016). Job-related antecedents of team resilience and improved team performance. Personnel Review, 45(3), 505-522.
72.
MillerC. C. (2008). Decisional comprehensiveness and firm performance: Towards a more complete understanding. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21(5), 598-620.
73.
MischelW. (1977). The interaction of person and situation. In MagnussonD.EndlerN. S. (Eds.), Personality at the crossroads: Current issues in interactional psychology, (pp. 333-352). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
74.
MitchelmoreS.RowleyJ. (2013). Entrepreneurial competencies of women entrepreneurs pursuing business growth. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(1), 125-142.
75.
MolE.KhapovaS. N.ElfringT. (2015). Entrepreneurial team cognition: A review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(2), 232-255. doi:10.1111/ijmr.12055.
76.
MorganP. B. C.FletcherD.SarkarM. (2013). Defining and characterizing team resilience in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(4), 549-559.
77.
MorrisM. H.KuratkoD. F.SchindehutteM.SpivackA. J. (2012). Framing the entrepreneurial experience. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(1), 11-40.
78.
MurphyG. B.TrailerJ. W.HillR. C. (1996). Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Research, 36(1), 15-23.
79.
NadolskaA.BarkemaH. G. (2007). Learning to internationalise: The pace and success of foreign acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(7), 1170-1186.
80.
ParkerH.AmeenK. (2018). The role of resilience capabilities in shaping how firms respond to disruptions. Journal of Business Research, 88, 535-541.
81.
PaulusP. B.NijstadB. A. (2003). Group creativity: Innovation through collaboration. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
82.
PeñarrojaV.OrengoV.ZornozaA.SánchezJ.RipollP. (2015). How team feedback and team trust influence information processing and learning in virtual teams: A moderated mediation model. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 9-16.
83.
PierceJ. R.AguinisH. (2013). The too-much-of-a-good-thing effect in management. Journal of Management, 39(2), 313-338.
84.
PodsakoffP. M.MacKenzieS. B.LeeJ.-Y.PodsakoffN. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
85.
PodsakoffP. M.OrganD. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544.
86.
RouseW. B.Cannon-BowersJ. A.SalasE. (1992). The role of mental models in team performance in complex systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 22(6), 1296-1308.
87.
SantoroG.BertoldiB.GiachinoC.CandeloE. (2020). Exploring the relationship between entrepreneurial resilience and success: The moderating role of stakeholders’ engagement. Journal of Business Research, 119, 142-150. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.052.
88.
SchwarzN.CloreG. L. (2003). Mood as information: 20 years later. Psychological Inquiry, 14(3-4), 296-303.
89.
SimsekZ.VeigaJ. F.LubatkinM. H.DinoR. N. (2005). Modeling the multilevel determinants of top management team behavioral integration. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 69-84. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2005.15993139.
90.
StephensJ. P.HeaphyE. D.CarmeliA.SpreitzerG. M.DuttonJ. E. (2013). Relationship quality and virtuousness: Emotional carrying capacity as a source of individual and team resilience. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 49(1), 13-41.
91.
StoutR. J.Cannon-BowersJ. A.SalasE.MilanovichD. M. (1999). Planning, shared mental models, and coordinated performance: An empirical link is established. Human Factors, 41(1), 61-71.
92.
StoverinkA. C.KirkmanB. L.MistryS.RosenB. (2020). Bouncing back together: Toward a theoretical model of work team resilience. Academy of Management Review, 45(2), 395-422.
93.
SutcliffeK. M.VogusT. J. (2003) Organizing for resilience. In CameronK. S.DuttonJ. E.QuinnR. E. (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship (pp. 94-110). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
94.
TraceyJ. B.TewsM. J. (2005). Construct validity of a general training climate scale. Organizational Research Methods, 8(4), 353-374.
95.
TsaiW.-C.ChiN.-W.GrandeyA. A.FungS.-C. (2012). Positive group affective tone and team creativity: Negative group affective tone and team trust as boundary conditions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(5), 638-656.
96.
TugadeM. M.FredricksonB. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320-333.
97.
VogusT. J.SutcliffeK. M. (2007). Organizational resilience: Towards a theory and research agenda. Paper presented at the 2007 IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics, Montreal, QC, Canada, 7–10 October 2007.
98.
WalkerB.HollingC. S.CarpenterS.KinzigA. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9(2), 5.
99.
WestG. P. (2007). Collective cognition: When entrepreneurial teams, not individuals, make decisions. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 31(1), 77-102. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00164.x.
100.
WestB. J.PateraJ. L.CarstenM. K. (2009). Team level positivity: Investigating positive psychological capacities and team level outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(2), 249-267.
101.
WilliamsT. A.GruberD. A.SutcliffeK. M.ShepherdD. A.ZhaoE. Y. (2017). Organizational response to adversity: Fusing crisis management and resilience research streams. Academy of Management Annals, 11(2), 733-769.
102.
WuS.DagherG. K. (2007). Need for achievement, business goals, and entrepreneurial persistence. Management Research News, 30(12), 928-941.
103.
YuL.Zellmer-BruhnM. (2018). Introducing team mindfulness and considering its safeguard role against conflict transformation and social undermining. Academy of Management Journal, 61(1), 324-347.
