This paper analyzes issues of cross-border policing involved with the Police Union of German States. Between 1851 and 1866, this international police network exchanged information and confiscated materials to suppress political opposition and activities of the press. The Police Union's organizational structures and surveillance activities are reviewed in the context of Europe's political history and the transformation of the police function. The evidence presented demonstrates the value of a perspective of international policing as a political technology; this perspective can elucidate the relative autonomy of police operations vis-a-vis the political context and their functionally driven expansion beyond nation-state borders. This suggests a crucial duality of policing, indicating the complementarity of-instead of the presumed contradiction between-police as a functional power technology and as a state-sanctioned institution of legality.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anderson, M. (1989). Policing the world: Interpol and the politics of international police co-operation. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
2.
Auerbach, L. (1884). Denkwtrdigkeiten des Geh. Regierungsrathes und Polizeidirektors Dr. Stieber [Recollections of Secret Government Aide and Police Director Dr. Stieber]. Berlin, Germany: Julius Engelmann.
3.
Barber, J. R. (1993). Modern European history. New York, NY: HarperPerennial.
4.
Bayley, D. H. (1975). The police and political development in Europe. In C. Tilly (Ed.), The formation of national states in western Europe (pp. 328-379). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5.
Beck, F. , & Schmidt, W. (Eds.). (1993). Dokumente aus geheimen Archiven: Vol. 5. Die Polizeikonferenzen Deutscher Staaten 1851-1866. Praliminardokumente, Protokolle und Anlagen [The Police Conferences of German States 1851-1866. Preliminary documents, protocols, and appendices]. Weimar, Germany: Hermann Bohlaus Nachfolger.
6.
Carr, W. (1991). The origin of the wars of German unification. London, England: Longmann.
7.
Deflem, M. (1994). Law enforcement in British Colonial Africa: A comparative analysis of imperial policing in Nyasaland, the Gold Coast, and Kenya. Police Studies, 17, 45-68.
8.
Deflem, M. (1996, August). Global peace, world order, and Interpol: The origins of an international police. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York, NY.
9.
Dickens, C. , & Wills, W. H. (1851). The metropolitan protectives. Household Words, 3, 97-105.
10.
Dressler, O. (1933). Die internationale Zusammenarbeit der Kriminalpolizeibehorden [The international collaboration of criminal police institutions]. In O. Daranyi (Ed.), Der Osterreichische Bundes-Kriminalbeamte (pp. 359-365). Vienna, Austria: Verband der Bundes-Kriminalbeamten Osterreichs.
11.
Droz, J. (1983). Die Deutsche Revolutionen von 1848 [The German Revolutions of 1848]. In D. Nagewiesche (Ed.), Die Deutsche Revolutionen von 1848/49 (pp. 91-114). Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
12.
Evans, R. J. (1987). Rethinking German history: Nineteenth-century Germany and the origins of the Third Reich. London, England: Harper Collins Academic.
13.
Fallati . (1844). Die Genesis der V6lkergesellschaft [The origins of international society]. Zeitschrift fir die gesammte Staatswissenschaft, 1, 260-328.
14.
Fijnaut, C. (1979). Opdat de macht een toevlucht zij? Een historische studie van hetpolitieapparaat als een politieke instelling (2 volumes). Antwerp, Belgium: Kluwer.
15.
Fijnaut, C. (1991). Police cooperation within western Europe. In F. Heidensohn & M. Farell (Eds.), Crime in Europe (pp. 103-120). London, England: Routledge.
16.
Fijnaut, C. , & Marx, G. T. (1995). Introduction: The normalization of undercover policing in the West. In C. Fijnaut & G. T. Marx (Eds.), Undercover: Police surveillance in comparative perspective (pp. 1-27). The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer.
17.
Fooner, M. (1973). Interpol: The inside story of the international crime-fighting organization. Chicago, IL: Henry Regnery Company.
18.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline andpunish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Pantheon. (Original work published 1975)
19.
Foucault, M. (1989). Sdcuritd, territoire, et populations [Security, territory, and populations]. In M. Foucault (Ed.), Reisumi des cours, 1970-1982 (pp. 99-106). Paris, France: Julliard. (Original work published 1978)
20.
Foucault, M. (1991). Governmentality. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon, & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality (pp. 87-104). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1978)
21.
Foucault, M. (1994). La vdritd et les formes juridiques [Truth and juridical types]. In D. Defert & F. Ewald (Eds.), Dits et 9crits, 1954-1988 (Vol. 3, pp. 538-646). Paris, France: Gallimard. (Original work published 1974)
22.
Funk, A. (1986). Polizei und Rechtsstaat [Police and the constitutional state]. Berlin, Germany: Campus.
23.
Haalck, J. (1959-1960). Die staatspolizeilichen KoordinierungsmaBnamen innerhalb des Deutschen Bundes zwischen 1851 und 1866 [The coordination measurements of the State Police in the German Confederation from 1851 to 1866]. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrifit der Universitdt Rostok. Gesellschafts-und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe, 9, 99-105.
24.
Habermas, J. (1990). Strukturwandel der (6ffentlichkeit [The structural transformation of the public sphere]. Frankfurt, Germany: Suhrkamp. (Original work published 1962)
25.
Hagemann, M. (1933). Internationale kriminalpolizeiliche Zusammenarbeit [International collaboration of criminal police]. In A. Elster & H. Lingemann (Eds.), Handworterbuch der Kriminologie (Vol. 1, pp. 741-751). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
26.
Harnischmacher, R. , & Semerak, A. (1986). Deutsche Polizeigeschichte [German police history]. Stuttgart, Germany: Kohlhammer.
27.
Holborn, H. (1982). A history of modern Germany, 1840-1945. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
28.
Huber, E. R. (1967). Zur Geschichte der politischen Polizei im 19. Jahrhundert [On the history of the political police in the 19th century]. In E. R. Huber (Ed.), Nationalstaat und Verfassungsstaat: Studien zur Geschichte der modernen Staatsidee (pp. 144-167). Stuttgart, Germany: W. Kohlhammer.
29.
Hughes, M. (1992). Early modern Germany, 1477-1806. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
30.
Jensen, R. B. (1981). The International Anti-Anarchist Conference of 1898 and the origins of Interpol. Journal of Contemporary History, 16, 323-347.
31.
Knemeyer, F.-L. (1980). Polizei. Economy and Society, 9, 172-196.
32.
Lexis, W. (1910). Kameralwissenschaft [Cameral science]. In J. Conrad, L. Elster, W. Lexis, & E. Loening (Eds.), Handworterbuch der Staatswissenschaften (Vol. 6, pp. 751-752). Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.
33.
Liang, H.-H. (1992). The rise of modern police and the European state system from Metternich to the Second World War. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
34.
Loening, E. (1910). Polizei. In J. Conrad, L. Elster, W. Lexis, & E. Loening (Eds.), Handworterbuch der Staatswissenschaften (Vol. 6, pp. 842-851). Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.
35.
Ltldtke, A. (1992). Einleitung: "Sicherheit" und "Wohlfahrt" [Introduction: "Security" and "Welfare"]. In A. Ludtke (Ed.), "Sicherheit" und "Wohlfahrt" (pp. 7-33). Frankfurt, Germany: Suhrkamp.
36.
Marabuto, P. (1935). La collaboration policiere international en vue de la prevention et de la repression de la criminality [International police collaboration in light of the prevention and repression of crime]. Nice, France: Ecole Professionelle Don-Bosco.
37.
Marx, G. T. (1993). The neglect and importance of cross-border studies of policing. Onati Proceedings, 14, 77-88.
38.
Marx, G. T. (1995). Undercover in comparative perspective: Some implications for knowledge and social research. In C. Fijnaut & G. T. Marx (Eds.), Undercover: Police surveillance in comparative perspective (pp. 323-337). The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer.
39.
Marx, G. T. , & Deflem, M. (1993, November). The relevance and irrelevance of social theoryfor cross-border social control. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Phoenix, AZ.
40.
Mawby, R. I. (1990). Comparative policing issues: The British and American experience in international perspective. London, England: Unwin Hyman.
41.
Nadelmann, E. (1993). Cops across borders: The internationalization of US. criminal law enforcement. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
42.
Pasquino, P. (1991). Theatrum politicum: The genealogy of capital-police and the state of prosperity. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon, & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentaliiy (pp. 105-118). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
43.
Pounds, N. (1985). An historical geography of Europe 1800-1914. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
44.
Raeff, M. (1975). The well-ordered police state and the development of modernity in seventeenth-and eighteenth-century Europe: An attempt at a comparative approach. American Historical Review, 80, 1221-1243.
45.
Rau, K. H. (1853). Ueber Begriff und Wesen der Polizei [About the concept and nature of police]. Zeitschrifit fur die gesammte Staatswissenschaft, 9, 605-625.
46.
Rupieper, H.-J. (1977). Die Polizei und die Fahndungen anItBlich der Deutschen Revolution von 1848/49 [The police and the investigations following the German Revolution of 1848/49]. Vierteliahrschrififtfr Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 64, 328-355.
47.
Schulze, B. (1955). PolizeiprAsident Carl von Hinckeldey. Jahrbuch ftr die Geschichte Mittel-und Osteuropas, 4, 81-18.
48.
Siemann, W. (1983a). Einleitung. In W. Siemann (Ed.), Der "Polizeiverein" Deutscher Staaten (pp. 1-19). Tilbingen, Germany: Niemeyer Verlag.
49.
Siemann, W. (Ed.). (1983b). Der "Polizeiverein " Deutscher Staaten: Eine Dokumentation zur Uberwachung der Offentlichkeit nach der Revolution von 1848/49 [The police union of German states: A documentation of the surveillance of public life after the revolution of 1848/49]. Ttibingen, Germany: Niemeyer Verlag.
50.
Siemann, W. (1985). Deutschlands Ruhe, Sicherheit und Ordnung [Germany's peace, security, and order]. Tubingen, Germany: Niemeyer.
51.
Siemann, W. (1990). Gesellschaft im Aujbruch: Deutschland 1849-1871 [Society in progress: Germany 1849-1871]. Frankfurt, Germany: Suhrkamp.
52.
Small, A. (1920). Sociology. In The Encyclopedia Americana, 25, 207-218.
53.
Stead, P. J. (1983). The police of France. New York, NY: MacMillan.
54.
Stieber, W. J. C. E. (1980). The Chancellor's spy: The revelations of the chief of Bismarck's secret service. New York, NY: Grove Press.
55.
Tissot, V. (1884). La Police Secrete Prussienne [The Secret Prussian Police]. Paris, France: E Dentu.
56.
von der Groeben, K. (1984). Die Erflillung von allgemeinen und besonderen polizeilichen Aufgaben [The fulfillment of general and special police duties]. In K. G. A. Jeserich, H. Pohl, & G. C. von Unruh (Eds.), Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte: VoL 3. Das Deutsche Reich bis zum Ende der Monarchie (pp. 435-45 1). Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
57.
Weber, M. (1980). Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft [Economy and society]. Tubingen, Germany: J. C. B. Mohr. (Original work published 1922)
58.
Wood, A. (1964). Europe 1815-1945. New York, NY: McKay.
