Drawing from a strong Canadian and U.S. base of literature and an emergent base of scholarship from the United Kingdom, this article examines the delivery of substance abuse treatment in prisons and the determinants of prisoner access to and use of services. To date, multidisciplinary research provides evidence of supply-side programs driven by organizational factors that affect access and use; in contrast, there is a dearth of literature on demand-side programs driven by prisoners’ needs. Guiding this analysis is a model for service delivery that integrates supply- and demand-side factors into a framework that traces the pathway of prisoners through programs, beginning with assessment and ending with treatment outcomes. At the core of this analysis is an expanded discussion of how prisoners’ specific needs should inform service delivery for greater reductions in rates of relapse and recidivism. Conclusions examine the legal and socioeconomic policy implications of programs that fail to provide services according to offenders’ specific needs in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Andrews, D.A., Bonta, J.L., & Wormith, S.J. ( 2006). The recent past and near future of risk and and/or need assessment. Crime & Delinquency, 52, 7-27.
6.
Andrews, D.A., & Dowden, C. ( 2005). Managing correctional treatment for reduced recidivism: A meta-analytic review of programme integrity. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 10, 173-187.
7.
Andrews, D.A., & Dowden, C. ( 2007). The risk-need-responsivity model of assessment and human service in prevention and corrections: Crime-prevention jurisprudence . Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 49, 439-464.
8.
Andrews, D.A., Zinger, I., Hoge, R.D., Bonta, J., Gendreau, P., & Cullen, F.T. ( 1990). Does correctional treatment work? A clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta-analysis. Criminology , 28, 369-404.
9.
Anno, B.J. ( 2001). Correctional health care: Guidelines for the management of an adequate delivery system (p. 2001 edition). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
10.
Aoyagi, M.T. ( 2005). Beyond punitive prohibition: Liberalizing the dialogue on international drug policy. New York University International Journal of Law and Policy, 37, 555-610.
11.
Arvidsson, H. ( 2001). Needs assessed by patients and staff in a Swedish sample of severely mentally ill subjects. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry , 55, 311-317.
12.
Belenko, S. ( 1998). Behind bars: Substance abuse and America’s prison population. New York, NY: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University .
13.
Belenko, S. ( 2006). Assessing released inmates for substance-abuse-related service needs. Crime & Delinquency, 52, 94-113.
14.
Belenko, S., & Peugh, J. ( 1998). Fighting crime by treating substance abuse. Issues in Science and Technology, 15, 53-60.
15.
Belenko, S., & Peugh, J. ( 2005). Estimating drug treatment needs among state prison inmates . Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77, 269-281.
16.
Blitz, C.L., Wolff, N., & Paap, K. ( 2006). Availability of behavioral health treatment for women in prison. Psychiatric Services, 57, 356-360.
17.
Blitz, C.L., Wolff, N., Pan, K., & Pogorzelski, W. (2005). Gender-specific behavioral health and community release patterns among New Jersey prison inmates: Implications for treatment and community reentry. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 1741-1746.
18.
Brewin, C.R., Wing, J.K., Mangen, S.P., Brugha, T.S., & MacCarthy, B. ( 1987). Principles and practice of measuring need in the long-term mentally ill: The MRC needs for care assessment. Psychological Medicine, 17, 971-982.
19.
Burdon, W.M., Farabee, D., Prendergast, M.L., Messina, N.P., & Cartier, J. ( 2002). Prison-based therapeutic community substance abuse programs-Implementation and operational issues. Federal Probation , 66, 3-8.
20.
Burdon, W.M., Messina, M.P., & Prendergast, M.L. (2004). The California treatment expansion initiative: Aftercare participation, recidivism, and predictors of outcomes. The Prison Journal, 84, 61-80.
21.
Butzin, C.A., Martin, S.S., & Inciardi, J.A. (2005). Treatment during transition from prison to community and subsequent illicit drug use. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 28, 351-358.
22.
Callaghan, R.C., Taylor, L., & Cunningham, J.A. (2007). Does progressive stage transition mean getting better? A test of the Transtheoretical Model in alcoholism recovery. Addiction, 102, 1588-1596.
23.
Clear, T.R., Rose, D.R., Waring, E., & Scully, K. ( 2003). Coercive mobility and crime: A preliminary examination of concentrated incarceration and social disorganization. Justice Quarterly, 20, 33-64.
24.
Correctional Service of Canada. (2009). Evaluation report, Correctional Service of Canada’s correctional programs . Ontario: National Headquarters, Correctional Services of Canada.
25.
Covington, S.S. ( 1998). Women in prison: Approaches in the treatment of our most invisible population. Women & Therapy, 21, 141-155.
26.
Cullen, F.T. ( 2002). Rehabilitation and treatment programs. In J. Q. Wilson & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Crime: Public policies for crime control (pp. 253-289). Oakland, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press .
27.
Cullen, F.T. ( 2005). The twelve people who saved rehabilitation: How the science of criminology made a difference. Criminology , 43, 1-42.
28.
Cummings, S.M., & Cassie, K.M. ( 2008). Perceptions of biopsychosocial services needs among older adults with severe mental illness: Met and unmet needs. Health & Social Work, 33, 133-143.
29.
DeMatteo, D.S., Marlowe, D.B., & Festinger, D.S. (2006). Secondary prevention services for clients who are low risk in drug court: A conceptual model. Crime & Delinquency, 52, 114-134.
30.
DiClemente, C.C., Schlundt, D., & Gemmell, L. ( 2004). Readiness and stages of change in addiction treatment . American Journal of Addiction, 13, 103-119.
31.
Eisner, M. ( 2002). Crime, problem drinking, and drug use: Patterns of problem behavior in a cross-national perspective. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 580, 201-225.
32.
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976).
33.
Ettner, S.L., Huang, D., Evans, E., Ash, D.R., Hardy, M., Jourabchi, M., & Hser, Y.I. ( 2006). Benefit-cost in the California treatment outcome project: Does substance abuse treatment ‘‘pay for itself’’ ? Health Research Services, 41, 192-213.
34.
Farabee, D., Prendergast, M., Cartier, M., Wexler, H., Knight, K., & Anglin, M.D. ( 1999). Barriers to implementing correctional drug treatment programs. The Prison Journal, 79, 150-162.
35.
Feeley, M.M., & Simon, J. ( 1992). The new penology: Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications. Criminology, 30, 449-475.
36.
Ferguson, J.L. ( 2002). Putting the ‘‘what works’’ research into practice: An organizational perspective. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 472-492.
37.
Fletcher, B.W., & Chandler, R.K. (2006). Principles of drug abuse treatment for criminal justice populations: A research based guide (NIH Publication No. 06-5316). Rockville, MD : National Institute of Drug Abuse.
38.
Foster, S. ( 2005). The negligence of prison authorities and the protection of prisoner’s rights. Liverpool Law Review, 26, 75-99.
39.
Friedmann, P.D., Taxman, F.S., & Henderson, C.E. (2007). Evidence-based treatment practices for drug-involved adults in the criminal justice system. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 32, 267-277.
40.
Garner, B.R., Knight, K., Flynn, P.M., Morey, J.T., & Simpson, D.D. ( 2007). Measuring offender attributes and engagement in treatment using the client evaluation of self and treatment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1113-1130.
41.
Gendreau, P. ( 1996a). Offender rehabilitation: What we know and what needs to be done. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 144-161.
42.
Gendreau, P. ( 1996b). The principles of effective intervention with offenders . In A. T. Harland (Ed.), Choosing correctional intervention that work: Defining the demand and evaluating the supply (pp. 117-130). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
43.
Godfrey, C., Parrott, S., Eaton, G., Culyer, A., & McDougall, C. ( 2005). Can we model the impact of increased drug treatment expenditure on the U.K. drug market?Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, 16, 257-275.
44.
Golder, S., Ivanoff, A., Cloud, R.N., Besel, K.L., McKiernan, P., Bratt, E., & Bledsoe, L.K. ( 2005). Evidence-based practice with adults in jails and prisons: Strategies, practices, and future directions. Best Practices in Mental Health, 1, 100-132.
45.
Gottfredson, S.D., & Moriarty, L.J. (2006). Statistical risk assessment: Old problems and new applications. Crime & Delinquency , 52, 178-200.
46.
Grella, C.E., Greenwell, L., Prendergast, M., Farabee, D., Hall, E., Cartier, J., & Burdon, W. ( 2007). Organizational characteristics of drug abuse treatment programs for offenders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 32, 291-300.
47.
Hagan, J., & Dinovitzer, R. (1999). Collateral consequences of imprisonment for children, communities, and prisoners. In M. Tonry & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Prisons-Crime and justice: A review of the research (Vol. 26, pp. 121-163). Chicago, IL : The University of Chicago Press.
48.
Hannah-Moffat, K. ( 2005). Criminogenic needs and the transformative risk subject: Hybridizations of risk/need in penalty. Punishment & Society , 7, 29-51.
49.
Harris, P.M., Gingerich, R., & Whittaker, T.A. (2004). The ‘‘effectiveness’’ of differential supervision. Crime & Delinquency, 50, 235-271.
50.
Healey, A., Knapp, M., Marsden, J., Gossop, M., & Stewart, D. ( 2003). Criminal outcomes and costs of treatment services for injecting and non-injecting heroin users: Evidence from a national prospective cohort survey. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy , 8, 134-141.
51.
Heather, N. ( 1999). Some common methodological criticisms of Project MATCH: Are they justified? Addiction, 94, 36-39.
52.
Henderson, C.E., Taxman, F.S., & Young, D.W. ( 2008). A Rasch model analysis of evidence-based treatment practices used in the criminal justice system. Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 93, 163-175.
53.
Holsinger, A.M., Lowenkamp, C.T., & Latessa, E.J. ( 2004). Validating the LSI-R on a sample of jail inmates . Journal of Offender Monitoring, Winter/Spring, 8-9.
54.
Hser, Y., Polinsky, M.L., Maglione, M., & Anglin, M.D. ( 1999). Matching clients’ needs with drug treatment services . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 16, 299-305.
55.
James, D.J., & Glaze, L.E. ( 2006). Bureau of Justice Statistics bulletin: Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
56.
Jordan, B.K., Federman, E.B., Burns, B.J., Schlenger, W.E., Fairbank, J.A., & Caddell, J.M. ( 2002). Lifetime use of mental health and substance abuse treatment services by incarcerated women felons. Psychiatric Services , 53, 317-325.
57.
Knight, K., Garner, B.R., Simpson, D.D., Morey, J.T., & Flynn, P.M. ( 2006). An assessment of criminal thinking. Crime & Delinquency, 52, 159-177.
58.
Kothari, G., Marsden, J., & Strang, J. ( 2002). Opportunities and obstacles for effective treatment of drug misusers in the criminal justice system in England and Wales. The British Journal of Criminology, 42, 412-432.
59.
Langan, P.A., & Levin, D.J. ( 2002). Bureau of Justice Statistics special report: Recidivism of prisoners released in 1994. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.
60.
Latessa, E.J., Cullen, F.T., & Gendreau, P. ( 2002). Beyond professional quackery-professionalism and the possibility of effective treatment. Federal Probation , 66, 43-49.
61.
Latessa, E.J., & Holsinger, A. ( 1998). The importance of evaluating correctional programs: Assessing outcome and quality. Corrections Management Quarterly , 2, 22-29.
62.
Lemieux, C.M. ( 1998). Determinants of expectation of treatment efficacy among incarcerated substance abusers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 42, 233-245.
63.
Lewis, C. ( 2006). Treating incarcerated women: Gender matters. Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 29, 773-789.
64.
Littell, J.H., & Girvin, H. ( 2002). Stages of change: A critique. Behavior Modification, 26, 223-273.
65.
Lowenkamp, C.T., Latessa, E.J., & Holsinger, A.M. (2006). The risk principle in action: What have we learned from 13,676 offenders and 97 correctional programs?Crime & Delinquency, 52, 77-93.
66.
Lukasiewicz, M., Falissard, B., Michel, L., Neveu, X., Reynaud, M., & Gasquet, I. ( 2007). Prevalence and factors associated with alcohol and drug-related disorders in prison: A French national study. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 2, 1-10.
67.
Lynch, M.M., & Kruzich, J.M. ( 1986). Needs assessment of the chronically mentally ill: Practitioner and client perspectives. Administration in Mental Health, 13, 273-248.
68.
Mark, T.L., Woody, G.E., Juday, T., & Kleber, H.D. ( 2001). The economic costs of heroin addiction in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 61, 195-206.
69.
McCollister, K.E., French, M.T., Prendergast, M.L., Hall, E., & Sacks, S. ( 2004). Long-term cost effectiveness of addiction treatment for criminal offenders. Justice Quarterly, 21, 659-679.
70.
McGlinchey v. United Kingdom, 37 EHRR 41 (2003).
71.
McIntosh, J., & Saville, E. ( 2006). The challenges associated with drug treatment in prison . Probation Journal: The Journal of Community and Criminal Justice, 53, 230-247.
72.
McLellan, A.T., Arndt, I.O., Metzger, D.S., Woody, G.E., & O’Brien, C.P. (1993). The effects of psychosocial services in substance abuse treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 1953-1959.
73.
McSweeney, T., Stevens, A., Hunt, N., & Turnbull, P.J. (2007). Twisting arms or a helping hand? Assessing the impact of ‘coerced’ and comparable ‘voluntary’ drug treatment options. British Journal of Criminology, 47, 470-490.
74.
McSweeney, T., Turnbull, P.J., & Hough, M. ( 2008). The treatment and supervision of drug-dependent offenders: A review of the literature prepared for the UK Drug Policy Commission . London, England: Institute for Criminal Policy Research, King’s College.
75.
Messina, N., Burdon, W., Hagopian, G., & Prendergast, M. (2006). Predictors of prison-based treatment outcomes: A comparison of men and women participants. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 32, 7-28.
76.
Messina, N., Burdon, W., & Prendergast, M. (2006). Prison-based treatment for drug-dependent women offenders: Treatment versus no treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 3, 333-343.
77.
Messina, N., Grella, C., Burdon, W., & Prendergast, M. (2007). Childhood adverse events and current traumatic distress: A comparison of men and women drug-dependent prisoners. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1385-1401.
Motiuk, L., Cousineau, C., & Gileno, J. ( 2005). The safe return of offenders to the community: Statistical overview. Ontario: Correctional Service Canada, Research Branch.
80.
Mueser, K., Bellack, A., Wade, J., Sayers, S., & Rosenthal, C. ( 1992). An assessment of the educational needs of chronic psychiatric patients and their relatives. British Journal of Psychiatry , 160, 674-680.
81.
Mumola, C.J., & Karberg, J.C. ( 2006). Bureau of Justice Statistics special report: Drug use and dependence, state and federal prisoners, 2004. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice .
82.
Neale, J., Robertson, M., & Saville, E. ( 2005). Understanding the treatment needs of drug users in prison . Probation Journal: The Journal of Community and Criminal Justice, 52, 243-257.
83.
Parker, A.J.R., Marshall, E.J., & Ball, D.M. ( 2008). Diagnosis and management of alcohol use disorders . British Medical Journal, 336, 496-501.
84.
Pearson, F.S., & Lipton, D.S. ( 1999). A meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of corrections-based treatments for drug abuse. The Prison Journal , 79, 384-410.
85.
Peters, R.H., LeVasseur, M.E., & Chandler, R.K. (2004). Correctional treatment for co-occurring disorders: Results of a national survey. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22, 563-584.
86.
Peters, R.H., & Wexler, H.K. ( 2005). Substance abuse treatment for adults in the criminal justice system. A treatment improvement protocol (TIP) Series 44 (DHHS Publication No. MSA 05-4056). Rockville, MD: SAMHSA.
87.
Pogorzelski, W., Wolff, N., Pan, K., & Blitz, C.L. ( 2005). Behavioral health problems, ex-offender reentry policies, and the ‘‘Second Chance Act.’’ American Journal of Public Health, 95, 1718-1724.
Prochaska, J.O., & DiClemente, C.C. (1994). Stage of change in modification of problem behaviors. In M. Hersen, R. Eisler & P. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (pp. 183-218). New York, NY: Sycamore.
90.
Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C., & Norcross, J.C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist , 47, 1102-1104.
91.
Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Rossi, J.S., Goldstein, M.G., Marcus, V.H., & Rakowski, W., . . . Rossi, S.R. ( 1994). Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors. Health Psychology, 13, 39-46.
92.
Project Match Research Group. (1993). Rationale and methods for a multi-site clinical trial matching patients to alcoholism treatment. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 17, 1130-1145.
93.
Project Match Research Group. (1998a). Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Treatment main effects and matching effects on drinking during treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 631-639.
94.
Project Match Research Group. (1998b). Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH 3-year drinking outcomes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 1300-1311.
95.
Ramsay, M., Bullock, T., & Niven, S. ( 2005). The prison service drug strategy: The extent to which prisoners need and receive treatment. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 44, 269-285.
96.
Richards, T. ( 2007). Europe on the rocks. British Medical Journal, 334, 1142.
97.
Roesch, R., Ogloff, J.R.P., & Eaves, D. ( 1995). Mental health research in the criminal justice system: The need for common approaches and international perspectives. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 18, 1-14.
98.
Ryan, J.E. ( 1997). Who gets revoked? A comparison of intensive supervision successes and failures in Vermont. Crime & Delinquency , 43, 104-118.
99.
Sacks, J.Y., McKendrick, K., & Kressel, D. ( 2007). Measuring offender progress in treatment using the client assessment inventory. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 34, 1131-1142.
100.
Saum, C.A., O’Connell, D.J., Martin, S.S., Hiller, M.L., Bacon, G.A., & Simpson, D.D. ( 2007). Tempest in a TC: Changing treatment providers for in-prison therapeutic communities. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1168-1178.
101.
Serin, R., & Kennedy, S. ( 1997). Treatment readiness and responsivity: Contributing to effective correctional programming (Research report R-54). Ontario: Correctional Services of Canada.
102.
Simpson, D.D. ( 1981). Treatment for drug abuse: Follow-up outcomes and length of time spent. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 875-880.
103.
Simpson, D.D. ( 2004). A conceptual framework for drug treatment process and outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 99-121.
104.
Simpson, D.D., & Joe, G.W. ( 2004). A longitudinal evaluation of treatment engagement and recovery stages. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 27, 89-97.
105.
Simpson, D.D., & Knight, K. ( 2007). Offender needs and functioning assessments from a national cooperative research program. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 34, 1105-1112.
106.
Stevens, A., Berto, D., Heckmann, W., Kerschl, V., Oeuvray, M., & Van Ooyen, M., . . . Uchtenhagen, A. (2005). Quasi-compulsory treatment of drug dependent offenders: An international literature review. Substance Use & Misuse, 40, 269-283.
107.
Sutton, S. ( 2001). Back to the drawing board? A review of applications of the Transtheoretical Model to substance use. Addiction , 96, 175-186.
108.
Taxman, F.S. ( 1998). Reducing recidivism through a seamless system of care: Components of effective treatment, supervision, and transition services in the community. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy.
109.
Taxman, F.S., Cropsey, K.L., Young, D.W., & Wexler, H. ( 2007). Screening, assessment, and referral practices in adult correctional settings: A national perspective. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1216-1234.
110.
Taxman, F.S., Perdoni, M.L., & Harrison, L.D. (2007). Drug treatment services for adult offenders: The state of the state. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 32, 239-254.
111.
Taxman, F.S., & Thanner, M. ( 2006). Risk, need, and responsivity (RNR): It all depends . Crime & Delinquency, 52, 28-51.
112.
Thanner, M.H., & Taxman, F.S. ( 2003). Responsivity: The value of providing intensive services to high-risk offenders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 24, 137-147.
113.
Winters, B.R., & Hayes, H. ( 2001). Assessing the Queensland community corrections RNI (Risk Needs Inventory). Current Issues in Criminal Justice , 12, 288-305.
