This study empirically tests whether Taiwanese and U.S. female police officers differ in their attitudes toward police role and work. The authors argue that police officers' occupational beliefs and outlooks are mainly influenced by the social, cultural, political, and organizational contexts within which the officers work. Data used in this research were collected from 119 female officers in two Taiwanese departments and 110 female officers in two U.S. departments. The results indicate that Taiwanese policewomen display occupational attitudes that distinguish them from their U.S. counterparts. Specifically, Taiwanese female officers are more likely than the U.S. female officers to have a broad role orientation, favor aggressive patrol, be resentful of legal restrictions, and disapprove of selective enforcement. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.
Appier, J. (1992). Preventive justice: The campaign for women police, 1910-1940. Women and Criminal Justice, 4, 3-36.
2.
Bartlett, H., & Rosenblum, A. (1977). Police women effectiveness. Denver, CO: Civil Service Commission and Denver Police Department.
3.
Bartol, C., Bergen, G., Volckens, J., & Knoras, K. (1992). Women in small-town policing: Job performance and stress. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 19, 240-259.
4.
Bayley, D. (1984). Community policing in Japan and Singapore. In J. Morgan (Ed.), Community policing: Proceedings (pp. 19-35). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
5.
Bayley, D. (1985). Patterns of policing: A comparative international analysis. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
6.
Bayley, D. (1991). Forces of order: Policing modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7.
Bayley, D. (1992). Comparative organization of the police in English-speaking countries. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Modern policing (pp. 509-545). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8.
Bayley, D. (1999). Policing: The world stage. In R. Mawby (Ed.), Policing across the world: Issue for the twenty-first century (pp. 3-22). London: UCL Press.
9.
Bennett, R. (1997a). Excessive force: A comparative study of police in the Caribbean. Justice Quarterly, 14, 651-686.
10.
Bennett, R. (1997b). Job satisfaction among police constables: A comparative study in three developing nations. Justice Quarterly, 14, 295-323.
11.
Brislin, R. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185-216.
12.
Brodeur, J. (1995). Comparisons in policing: An international perspective . Brookfield, VT: Ashgate.
13.
Brown, J. (1988). Comparing charges: The experience of discrimination and harassment among women police officers serving in Australia, the British Isles and the United States of America. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 1, 227-240.
14.
Brown, J., Hazenberg, A., & Ormiston, C. (1999). Policewomen: An international comparison. In R. Mawby (Ed.), Policing across the world: Issue for the twenty-first century (pp. 204-225). London: UCL Press.
15.
Brown, M. (1981). Working the street: Police discretion and the dilemmas of reform. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
16.
Chappell, D., & Meyer, J. (1975). Cross-cultural differences in police attitudes: An exploration in comparative research. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 8, 5-13.
17.
Chang, K. (Ed.). (2002). A legal study of police check and stop. Taipei, Taiwan: Wunan Publishing.
18.
Chang, K. (2003). A study of judicial environmental change of police organization in Taiwan. Policing Journal of Central Police University, 2, 33-50.
19.
Chang, K. (2005). The difference between the character and the rule of police work. Academic Journal of Central Police University , 42, 35-49.
20.
Chiang, C. (1994). The role of female officers in policing. The Police Journal in Taiwan, 24, 147-180.
21.
Coffey, S., Brown, J., & Savage, S. (1992). Policewomen's career aspirations: Some reflections on the role and capabilities of women in policing in Britain. Police Studies, 15, 13-19.
22.
Das, D. (1993). Comparative police studies: An assessment. Police Studies, 14, 22-35.
23.
Das, D. (1994). Police practices: An international review. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.
24.
DeJong, C., Mastrofski, S., & Parks, R. (2001). Patrol officers and problem solving: An application of expectancy theory. Justice Quarterly, 18, 1-62.
25.
Dellapenna, J. (1997). The lesson of the triple twisted pine: Plum blossoms on mountain peaks and the future of the rule of law in Hong Kong. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Laws, 30, 630-673.
26.
Dene, E. (1992). A comparison of the history of the entry of women into policing in France and England and Wales. The Police Journal, 65, 236-242.
27.
Dodge, M., Starr-Gimeno, D., & Williams, T. (2005). Puttin' on the sting: Women police officers' perspectives on reverse prostitution assignments. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 7, 71-85.
28.
Fosdick, R. (1969). European police systems. Montclair, NJ: Peterson Smith.
29.
Garcia, V. (2003). Difference in the police department: Women, policing, and "doing gender." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , 19, 330-344.
30.
Golden, K. (1981). Women as patrol officers: A study of attitudes . Police Studies, 3, 29-33.
31.
Goldstein, H. (1977). Policing a free society. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
32.
Haarr, R. (1997). Patterns of interaction in a police patrol bureau: Race and gender barriers to integration. Justice Quarterly , 14, 53-85.
33.
Hale, D. (1992). Women in policing. In G. Cordner & D. Hale (Eds.), What works in policing: Operations and administration examined (pp. 125-142). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
34.
Harrington, P. (2002). Advice to women beginning a career in policing . Women & Criminal Justice, 14, 1-13.
35.
Heidensohn, F. (1994). "We can handle it out here." Women officers in Britain and the USA and the policing of public order. Policing and Society, 4, 293-303.
36.
Herbert, S. (1997). Policing space: Territoriality and the Los Angeles Police Department. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
37.
Holdaway, S., & Parker, S. (1998). Policing women police: Uniform patrol, promotion and representation in the CID. British Journal of Criminology , 38, 40-60.
38.
Horne, P. (1980). Women in law enforcement. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
39.
Jiao, A. (2001). Police and culture: A comparison between China and the United States. Police Quarterly, 4, 156-185.
40.
Johns, C. (1979). The trouble with women in policing: Attitudes aren't changing. Criminal Justice Review, 4, 33-40.
41.
Jones, S. (1986). Police women and equality. London: Macmillan.
42.
Jurik, N. (2003). Femininities, masculinities, and organizational conflict: Women in criminal justice occupations. In C. Renzetti & L. Goodstein (Eds.), Women, crime, and criminal justice: Original feminist readings (pp. 264-281). Los Angeles: Roxbury.
43.
Kelling, G., Pate, T., Dieckman, D., & Brown, C. (1974). Kansas City preventive patrol experiment: A summary report. Washington, DC: Police Foundation .
44.
Lanier, M. (1996). Evolutionary typology of women police officers . Women & Criminal Justice, 8, 35-57.
45.
Martin, S. (1980). Breaking and entering: Police women on patrol . Berkeley: University of California Press.
46.
Martin, S. (1990). Women on the move? A report on the status of women in policing. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
47.
Martin, S. (1994). Outsider within the station house: The impact of race and gender on Black women police. Social Problems , 41, 383-400.
48.
Martin, S., & Jurik, N. (1996). Doing justice, doing gender: Women in law and criminal justice occupations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
49.
Mastrofski, S., Parks, R., Reiss, A., Worden, R., DeJong, C., Snipes, J., et al. (1998). Systematic observation of public police: Applying field research methods to policy issues. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
50.
Mastrofski, S., Worden, R., & Snipes, J. (1995). Law enforcement in a time of community policing . Criminology, 33, 539-563.
51.
Mawby, R. (1999). Policing across the world: Issue for the twenty-first century. London: UCL Press.
52.
McGarrell, E., Chermak, S., Weiss, A., & Wilson, J. (2001). Reducing firearms violence through directed police patrol. Criminology & Public Policy, 1, 119-148.
53.
Miller, S. (2001). Gender and policing. In C. Renzetti & L. Goodstein (Eds.), Women, crime, and criminal justice: Original feminist readings (pp. 255-263). Los Angeles: Roxbury.
54.
Muir, W. (1977). Police: Streetcorner politicians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
55.
Natarajan, M. (1994). A comparative analysis of women policing in India . International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 18, 53-61.
56.
Paoline, E. (2001). Rethinking police culture: Officers' occupational attitudes. New York: LFB Scholarly .
57.
Paoline, E., & Terrill, W. (2004). Women police officers and the use of coercion . Women & Criminal Justice, 15, 97-119.
58.
Parks, R., Mastrofski, S., DeJong, C., & Gray, M. (1999). How officers spend their time with the community . Justice Quarterly, 16, 483-518.
59.
Parsons, D., & Jesilow, P. (2001). Women in policing: A tale of cultural conformity . In H. Pontell & D. Shichor (Eds.), Contemporary issues in crime and criminal justice: Essays in honor of Gilbert Geis (pp. 287-306). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
60.
Poulos, T., & Doerner, W. (1996). Women in law enforcement: The distribution of females in Florida police agencies. Women & Criminal Justice , 8, 19-33.
61.
President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice. (1967). Task force report: The police. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
62.
Schulz, D. (1995). From social worker to crimefighter. Westport, CT: Praeger.
63.
Schulz, D. (2002). Law enforcement leaders: A survey of women police chiefs in the United States. Police Chief, 69, 25-28.
64.
Sherman, L. (1975). Evaluation of policewomen on patrol in a suburban police department. Journal of Police Science and Administration , 3, 434-438.
65.
Silvestri, M. (2003). Women in charge: Policing, gender and leadership . Devon, UK: Willan.
66.
Waugh, L., Ede, A., & Alley, A. (1998). Police culture, women police and attitudes towards misconduct. International Journal of Police Science and Management , 1, 288-300.
67.
Wilson, J., & Kelling, G. (1982, March). Broken windows: The police and the neighborhood safety. Atlantic Monthly, 249, 29-38.
68.
Worden, A. (1993). The attitudes of women and men in policing: Testing conventional and contemporary wisdom. Criminology, 31, 203-241.
69.
Worden, R. (1995). Police officers' belief systems: A framework for analysis. American Journal of Police, 14, 49-81.
70.
Yang, D. (1985). Women in policing: A comparative study of the United States and the Republic of China (Taiwan). Police Studies , 8, 125-131.
