New strain energy-based thermo-elastoviscoplastic isotropic damage–self-healing model for bituminous composites—Part II: Computational aspects

Abstract

This paper is the second in a series implementing initial strain–energy-based thermo-elastoviscoplastic isotropic damage–self-healing formulations for bituminous composites to compare the model predictions with experimental measurements. Computational algorithms based on the two-step operator splitting methodology are systematically developed and employed for numerical simulations. The elastic damage self-healing predictor and the viscoplastic corrector coupled with the Arrhenius-type temperature term via the net stress concept in conjunction with the hypothesis of strain equivalence are entirely considered as numerical implementation of the models. Several numerical examples of one-dimensional driver problems are first presented to show the effect of temperature and rest period for healing. Experimental validation of the proposed formulations against monotonic constant–strain test under different temperatures and controlled-strain cyclic tension test is presented. Qualitative and quantitative agreement between experimental results and numerical simulations is also observed. In particular, the softening behavior of the bituminous materials is well predicted for monotonic constant–strain rate test. The viscous damage behavior can be reasonably captured by the proposed damage models with the Arrhenius-type temperature term and the step-by-step computational algorithms.