Attacking city centers with pack portable bombs has become one of the regular terrorist attacks around the world. In these situations, life losses and injuries can be caused from various sources such as direct blast effects, structural collapse, debris impact, fire, and smoke. Casualties could increase when indirect effects are combined with closed exits or timely evacuation. So, calculating the annual risk of the structural collapses resulting from extreme loading conditions is subjected to many efforts. In this paper, the annual risk of blast-induced progressive structural collapse is calculated. The blast fragility is also calculated by a simulation procedure which generate possible blast configuration, and finally kinematic plastic limit analysis is used to verify the structural stability under gravity loading. As a case study, the blast fragility and the annual risk of collapse of a four-storey steel building are calculated.
Department of Housing and Urban Development, Iranian National Rules of Structures (2010) Passive Defense. 6th ed., Tehran, Iran.
2.
AgarwalJBlockleyDWoodmanN (2003) Vulnerability of structural systems. Structural Safety, 25263–286.
3.
Al-KhaiatHFereigSAl-DuaijJ (1999) Impact of shelling on RC frames with and without infill walls. ASCE Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 13(1): 22–28.
4.
AllenDESchrieverWR (1972) Progressive Collapse, Abnormal Loads and Building Codes, Québec: Division of Building Research Council.
5.
ASCE/Structural Engineering Institute (SEI) (2005) Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, Reston, VA: ASCE/SEI.
6.
Asprone D, Jalayer F, Prota A, et al. (2008) Probabilistic assessment of blast induced progressive collapse in a seismic retrofitted RC structure. In Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, 12–17 October 2008.
7.
AsproneDJalayerFProtaA (2010) Proposal of probabilistic model for multi hazard risk assessment of structures in seismic zones subjected to blast for the limit state of collapse. Journal of Structural Safety, 3225–34.
8.
BakerWECoxPAWestinePS (1983) Explosion Hazards and Evaluation, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
9.
BennettRM (1988) Formulations for probability of progressive collapse. Structural Safety, 5(1): 67–77.
10.
BrodeHL (1955) Numerical solution of spherical blast waves. Journal of Applied Physics, 26(6): 766–775.
11.
ChenHLiewJYR (2005) Explosion and fire analysis of steel frames using mixed element approach. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 6606–616.
12.
CloughRWPenzienJ (1993) Dynamics of Structures, New York, USA: McGraw-Hill, pp. 648–648.
13.
Committee on Feasibility of Applying Blast Mitigating Technologies and Design Methodologies from Military Facilities to Civilian Buildings (1995) Protecting Buildings from Bomb Damage, Washington: National Academy Press.
14.
CorotisRBNafdayAM (1990) Application of mathematical programming to system reliability. Structural Safety, 7149–154.
15.
EllingwoodBR (2006) Mitigating risk from abnormal loads and progressive collapse. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 20(4): 315–323.
16.
EllingwoodBRLeyendeckerEV (1978) Approaches for design against progressive collapse. Journal of the Structural Division, 104(3): 413–423.
17.
ElliotCLMaysGCSmithPD (1992) The protection of building against terrorism and disorder. Proceedings of the ICE – Structures and Buildings, 94287–296.
18.
ElliotCLMaysGCSmithPD (1994) The protection of buildings against terrorism and disorder [discussion]. Proceedings of the ICE – Structures and Buildings, 104343–350.
19.
General Services Administration (GSA) (2003) Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects, Washington, DC: GSA.
20.
GriersonDEGladwellGML (1971) Collapse load analysis using linear programming. ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, 97(ST5): 1561–1573.
21.
HenrychJ (1979) The Dynamics of Explosion and Its Use, Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, pp. 558–558.
22.
Hibbot, Karlsson and Sorensen Inc (2006) ABAQUS User’s manual version 6.6, Pawtucket, RI: Hibbot, Karlsson and Sorensen Inc.
23.
JarrettDE (1968) Derivation of British explosive safety distances. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 15218–35.
24.
LowHYHaoH (2001) Reliability analysis of reinforced concrete slabs under explosive loading. Structural Safety, 23157–178.
25.
MalekiMRahmanieyanS (2011) Guide for Finite Element Software, ABAQUS, Tehran, Iran: Simaye Danesh Publication, pp. 312–312.
26.
Mills CA (1987) The design of concrete structures to resist explosion and weapon effects. In Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Concrete for Hazard Protections, Edinburgh, UK, pp. 61–73.
27.
National Research Council (NRC) (2001) In: Committee for Oversight and Assessment of Blast-Effects and Related Research (eds). Protecting people and buildings from terrorism, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 98–98.
28.
NewmarkNMHansenRJ (1961) Design of Blast Resistant Structures. Shock and Vibration Handbook In: HarrisCMCredeCE (eds).Vol 3New York, USA: McGraw-Hill.
29.
NgoTMendisPGuptaA (2007) Blast loading and blast effects on structures – an overview. EJSE Special Issue: Loading on Structures, 776–91.
30.
Pate-CornellE (1994) Quantitative safety goals for risk management of industrial facilities. Structural Safety, 13(3): 145–157.
31.
RuthPMarchandKAWilliamsonEB (2006) Static equivalency in progressive collapse alternate path analysis: reducing conservatism while retaining structural integrity. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 20(4): 349–364.
32.
SaeedMHVahediJ (2009) Investigation of effects of ex-current dampers on the behavior of frames under blast loadings. In: 4th National Congress of Civil Engineering, Tehran University, Iran.
33.
SmithPDHetheringtobJG (1994) Blast and Ballistic Loading of Structures, Great Britain: Butterworth–Heinemann.
34.
U.S. Departments of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force – USA (1990) Structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions, TM 5-1300, NAVFAC P-397 and AFR 88-22, Washington, DC, Department of the Army, p. 1796.
35.
WatwoodVB (1979) Mechanism generation for limit analysis of frames. ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, 109(ST1): 1–13.
36.
WilliamsMSNewellJP (1991) Methods for the Assessment of the Blast Response of Engineering Structures, Earth Quake, Blast, and Impact: Measurement and Effects of Vibration, Elsevier, London: Society for Earthquake and Civil Engineering, pp. 176–185.
