Reflections on Retention and Social Promotion

Bracey G. (1986). “Not Being Promoted from Kindergarten Is Like the Death of a Parent.” Phi Delta Kappan. 68, 245.

Foster J. (1993). “Retaining Children in Grade.” Childhood Education. 70: 38–43.

Frymier J. (1997). “Characteristics of Students Retained in Grade.” The High School Journal. 80: 184–194.

Grant J. and Johnson B. (1997). “Preventing Retention in an Era of High Standards.” Principal. 76: 20–22.

Harrington-Lueker D. (1998). “Retention vs. Social Promotion.” The School Administrator. August: 6–12.

Harvey B. (1994). To Retain or Not? There Is No Question. Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 369 177).

Holmes C. T. (1986). A Synthesis of Recent Research on Nonpromotion: A Five Year Follow-Up. Paper presented to the American Educational Research Association. April, San Francisco.

Holmes C. T. and Matthews K. M. (1984). “The Effects of Nonpromotion on Elementary and Junior High Pupils: A Meta-Analysis.” Review of Educational Research. Summer, 225–235.

Karweit N. (1991). Repeating a Grade: Time to Grow or Denial of Opportunity? Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 336 493).

Jackson G. B. (1975). “The Research Evidence on the Effects of Grade Retention.” Review of Educational Research. Fall, 613–635.

Jencks C. (1972). Inequality. New York: Basic Books.

Light H. (1998). Light's Retention Scale 1998 Edition Manual. Novato, CA: Academic Therapy Publications.

Meisels S. and Liaw F. (1993). “Failure in Grade: Do Retained Students Catch Up?” Journal of Educational Research. 87: 69–77.

National Association of School Psychologists. (1997). National Association of School Psychologists Say “Social Promotion” and Retention Are Failed Practices. Available: www.naspweb.org/office/pressrel/grade.htm.

National Commission on Excellence in Education. (1983). A Nation at Risk. U.S. Department of Education: Washington, D.C.

Reynolds A. , Temple J. and McCoy A. (1997). “Grade Retention Doesn't Work.” Teacher Magazine. Available: www.teachermag.org/ew/vol-17/03mccoy.h17.

Sevener D. (1990). Retention: More Malady Than Therapy. Springfield, IL: Illinois State Board of Education.

Shepard L. A. and Smith M. L. (1987). “Effects of Kindergarten Retention at the End of First Grade.” Psychology in the Schools. October, 346–357.

Singham M. (1998). “The Canary in the Mine.” Phi Delta Kappan. September, 9–15.

Slavin R. , Karweit N. and Wasik B. (1993). “Preventing School Failure: What Works?” Educational Leadership. January, 10–18.

Snyder J. and West R. (1992). The Effects of Retention in Elementary Schools on Subsequent Academic Performance. Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 356 045).