Faculty-Department-Chair Relationships: Examining the Nexus of Empowerment and Interpersonal Trust in Community Colleges in the Context of Change

Altschuler T. , & Richter S. (1985). Maintaining faculty vitality. New Directions in Community Colleges, 13, 49–61.

Arad S. , & Drasgow F. (1994, April). Empowered work groups: Conceptual framework and empirical assessment of empowerment processes and outcomes in organizations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, Nashville, TN.

Ashforth B. (1989). The experience of powerlessness in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43, 207–242.

Austin A. (1994). Understanding and assessing faculty cultures and climate. New Directions for Institutional Research, 84, 47–63.

Babbie E. (2001). The practice of social research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Baier A. (1986). Trust and antitrust. Ethics, 96, 231–260.

Bandura A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social-cognitive view. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Bandura A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175–1184.

Barney J. , & Hansen M. (1994). Trustworthiness as a source of competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 175–190.

Bartolme F. (1989). Nobody trusts the boss completely—Now what? Harvard Business Review, 67, 135–142.

Becker T. (1998). Integrity in organizations: Beyond honesty and conscientiousness. Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 154–161.

Beeson G. , & Matthews R. (1993, April). Collaborative decision making between new principals and teachers: Policy and practice. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Atlanta, GA. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED361837)

Bennett J. B. (1988). Department chairs: Leadership in the trenches. In Green M. F. (Ed.), Leadership for a new era: Strategies for higher education (pp. 57–73). New York: Collier Macmillan.

Bennett J. B. , & Figuli D. J. (Eds.). (1990). Enhancing departmental leadership: The roles of chairperson. New York: American Council on Education/Macmillan.

Bennis W. , & Nanus B. (1985). Leaders. New York: Harper and Row.

Blanchard K. , Carlos J. , & Randolph W. (1999). The 3 keys to empowerment. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.

Blasé J. , Blasé J. , Anderson G. , & Dungan S. (1995). Democratic principals in action: Eight pioneers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

Block P. (1987). The empowered manager. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Bruhn J. (2001). Trust and the health of organizations. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

Bryk A. , & Schneider B. (2002). Trust in schools: A core resource for improvement. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Butler J. (1991). Toward understanding and measuring conditions of trust: Evolution of a conditions of trust inventory. Journal of Management, 17(3), 643–663.

Butz R. , Dietz J. , & Konovsky M. (2001, April). Top management and immediate supervisors as distinct targets of trust. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, San Diego, CA.

Carnoy R. , & Hannaway J. (1996, April). Site-based management and decision making: Problems and solutions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York.

Coats L. T. (2000). Interpersonal behavior and the community college department chairperson. Journal of Research and Practice, 24(10), 773–783.

Conger J. , & Kanungo R. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471–482.

Cook J. , & Wall T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfillment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 39–52.

Costigan R. , Ilter S. , & Berman J. (1998). A multi-dimensional study of trust in organizations. Journal of Managerial Issues, 10, 303–317.

Culbert S. , & McDonough J. (1986). The politics of trust and organization empowerment. Public Administrative Quarterly, 10(2), 171–188.

Cunningham W. , & Gresso D. (1993). Cultural leadership: The culture of excellence in education. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Deci E. , Connell J. , & Ryan R. (1989). Self-determination in a work organization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 580–590.

Deutsch M. (1962). Cooperation and trust: Some theoretical notes. In Jones M. (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 275–317). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Diffie-Couch P. (1984, April). Building a feeling of trust in the company. Supervisory Management, pp. 31–36.

Driscoll J. (1978). Trust and participation in organizational decision making as predictors of satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 21, 44–56.

Fox A. (1974). Beyond contract: Work, power, and trust relations. London: Faber and Faber.

Frey R. (1993). Empowerment or else. Harvard Business Review, 71(5), 80–94.

Fukuyama F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. London: Faber and Faber.

Gabarro J. (1978). The development of trust, influence, and expectations. In Athos A. , & Gabarro J. (Eds.), Interpersonal behavior: Communication and understanding in relationships (pp. 290–303). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Gabarro J. (1987). The dynamics of taking charge. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Gambetta D. (1988). Can we trust trust? In Gambetta D. (Ed.), Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations. New York: Basil Blackwell.

Gibson J. , Ivancevich J. , & Donnelly J. (2000). Organizations: Behavior, structure and processes. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Gillet-Karam R. (1999). Preparing department chairs for their leadership roles. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Ginnodo B. (1997). The power of empowerment. Arlington Heights, IL: Pride.

Gist M. (1987). Self-efficacy: Implications for organizational behavior and human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 12, 472–485.

Gmelch W. H. , & Miskin V. D. (1993). Leadership skills for department chairs. Boston: Anker.

Goddard R. , Tschannen-Moran M. , & Hoy W. (2001). A multilevel examination of the distribution and effects of trust in students and parents in urban elementary schools. Elementary School Journal, 102, 3–17.

Gould E. O. , & Caldwell P. F. (1998). Tomorrow's essentials in management, decentralization, collaboration, and ownership. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 22(4), 349–362.

Hardin R. (2002). Trust and trustworthiness. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Hecht I. , Higgerson M. , Gmelch W. , & Tucker A. (1999). The department chair as academic leader. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.

Henkin A. , & Dee J. (2001). The power of trust: Teams and collective action in self-managed schools. Journal of School Leadership, 11, 48–62.

Hoy W. , Sabo D. , & Barnes K. (1996, Spring). Organizational health and faculty trust. Research in Middle Level Education Quarterly, pp. 21–39.

Hoyt D. P. , & Spangler R. K. (1977). Administrative effectiveness of the academic department head: The measurement of effectiveness. (Research Report No. 42). Manhattan: Kansas State University, Office of Educational Research.

Johnson-George C. , & Swap W. (1982). Measurement of specific interpersonal trust: Construction and validation of a scale to assess trust in a specific other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1306–1317.

Kanter R. (1979). Power failure in management circuits. Harvard Business Review, 57(4), 65–75.

Keefe J. (1992). School restructuring. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals.

Knight W. , & Holen M. C. (1985). Leadership and the perceived effectiveness of department chairpersons. Journal of Higher Education, 56(6), 677–690.

Kramer R. , & Tyler T. (1996). Whither trust. In Tyler T. , & Kramer R. (Eds.), Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research (pp. 1–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Lane C. (1998). Theories and issues in the study of trust. In Lane C. , & Bachmann R. (Eds.), Trust within and between organizations (pp. 1–30). New York: Oxford University Press.

Lane C. , & Bachmann R. (1998). Trust within and between organizations. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lawler E. (1992). The ultimate advantage: Creating the high-involvement organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Lewis J. , & Weigert A. (1985). Trust as a social reality. Social Forces, 63, 967–985.

Liden R. , Wayne S. , & Sparrowe R. (2000). An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 407–416.

Limerick D. , & Cunnington B. (1993). Managing the new organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Loomis J. (1959). Communication, the development of trust, and cooperative behavior. Human Relations, 52, 305–315.

Lucas A. F. (1994). Strengthening departmental leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Lucas A. F. (2000). Leading academic change: Essential roles for department chairs. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Luhmann N. (1979). Trust and power. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Maeroff G. (1988). The empowerment of teachers: Overcoming the crisis of confidence. New York: Teachers College Press.

Manz C. (1990). Beyond self-managing work teams: Toward self-leading teams in the workplace. In Woodman R. , & Pasmore W. (Eds.), Research in organizational change and development. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Marshall E. (1995). Transforming the way we work. New York: Amacom.

Mayer R. , Davis J. , & Schoorman F. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 709–734.

McAllister D. (1995). Affect- and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 24–59.

McArthur R. (2002). Democratic leadership and faculty empowerment at the community college: A theoretical model for the department chair. Community College Review, 30(3), 1–10.

McKnight D. , & Chervany N. (1996). The meanings of trust (Working Paper No. 96-04). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Management Information Systems Research Center. Retrieved August 13, 2006, from www.misrc.umn.edu/wpaper/wp96-04.htm

Miller D. (1991). Handbook of research design and social measurement. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Mishra A. (1996). Organizational responses to crisis: The centrality of trust. In Kramer R. , & Tyler T. (Eds.), Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research (pp. 261–287). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Mishra A. , & Morrissey M. (1990). Trust in employee/employer relationships: A survey of west Michigan managers. Public Personnel Management, 19, 443–485.

Moye M. J. (2003). The relationship of employee empowerment and commitment to the organization to interpersonal- and system-level trust. Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 04B. (University Microfilms No. AA13087647)

Newton J. (2002). Barriers to effective quality management and leadership: A case study of two academic departments. Higher Education, 44, 185–212.

Nooteboom B. (Ed.). (2002). Trust: Forms, foundations, functions, failures, and figures. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.

Nooteboom B. , & Six F. (2003). The trust process in organizations. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.

Porter L. , Lawler E. , & Hackman J. (1975). Behavior in organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Rotter J. (1967). A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. Journal of Personality, 35, 651–665.

Rotter J. (1980). Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness, and gullibility. American Psychologist, 35(1), 1–7.

Roueche J. , Baker G. , & Rose R. (1989). Shared visions: Transformational leadership in American community colleges. Washington, DC: Community College Press.

Scott W. (2003). Organizations: Rational, natural and open systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Seagren A. T. , Creswell J. W. , & Wheeler A. T. (1993). The department chair: New roles, responsibilities, and challenges. Washington, DC: George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development.

Sergiovanni T. (1996). Leadership for the schoolhouse. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Shapiro S. (1987). The social control of impersonal trust. American Journal of Sociology, 93, 623–658.

Shaw R. (1997). Trust in the balance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Shea G. (1984). Building trust in the workplace. New York: American Management Association.

Sparrowe R. (1994). Empowerment in the hospitality industry: An exploration of antecedents and outcomes. Hospitality Research Journal, 17, 51–73.

Spreitzer G. (1992). When organizations dare: The dynamics of individual empowerment in the workplace. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Spreitzer G. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442–1465.

Spreitzer G. (1996). Social structural characteristics of psychological empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 39(2), 483–504.

Stewart K. C. (1993). Substitutes for leadership: Potential moderators of the relationship among academic department heads leader behavior, faculty satisfaction and department head effectiveness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University, Manhattan.

Sztompka P. (1999). Trust: A sociological theory. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Tan H. , & Tan C. (2000). Toward the differentiation of trust in supervisor and trust in organization. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126, 241–261.

Tarter C. , & Hoy W. (1988). The context of trust: Teachers and the principal. High School Journal, 72, 17–24.

Tarter C. , Sabo D. , & Hoy W. (1995). Middle school climate, faculty trust, and effectiveness: A path analysis. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 29, 41–49.

Thomas K. , & Velthouse B. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretative” model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666–681.

Tschannen-Moran M. , & Hoy W. (2000). A multidisciplinary analysis of the nature, meaning, and measurement of trust. Review of Educational Research, 70(4), 547–593.

Tyler T. (1998). Trust and democratic governance. In Braithwaite V. , & Levi M. (Eds.), Trust and governance (pp. 269–292). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Tyler T. (2000). Why do people rely on others? Social identity and social aspects of trust. In Cook K. (Ed.), Trust in society (pp. 285–306). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Tyler T. , & Kramer R. (1996). Whither trust. In Kramer R. , & Tyler T. (Eds.), Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research (pp. 1–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Vogt J. , & Murrell K. (1990). Empowerment in organizations: How to spark exceptional performance. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.

Weick K. , & Roberts K. (1993). Collective mind in organizations: Heedful interrelating on flight decks. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, 357–381.

Whitener E. , Brodt S. , Korsgaard M. , & Werner J. (1998). Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior. Academy of Management Review, 23, 513–530.

Williamson O. (1993). Calculativeness, trust, and economic organization. Journal of Law and Economics, 36, 453–486.

Yammarino F. , Skinner S. , & Childers T. (1991). Understanding mail survey response behavior: A meta-analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 613–639.

Zand D. (1972). Trust and managerial problem solving. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 229–239.

Zucker L. (1986). The production of trust: Institutional sources of economic structure, 1840–1920. In Staw B. , & Cummings L. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 8, pp. 55–111). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.