Research into the relationship between personal values and organizational phenomena has enjoyed a lengthy history. As a result, there is fair agreement among management scholars about two things: what values are and with what they vary. There are also substantial gaps in understanding, including how (if) values cause behavior and what happens to them when the individual joins an organization or enters an occupation. The authors identify some possible reasons for these gaps, having to do with the level(s) at which the values construct is conceptualized, methodological irregularities in values research, and neglect by management scholars, and discuss attendant corrective actions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Ahmed, S. A.
(1990). Impact of social change on job values: A longitudinal study of Quebec business students. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 7, 12-24.
2.
Ahmed, S. A.
, & Jabes, J. (1988). A comparative study of job values of business students in France and English Canada. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 4, 211-238.
3.
Alker, H. A.
, Rao, V. R., & Hughes, G. D. (1972). Value consistent and expedient decision-making. American Psychological Association Conference Proceedings, 7(1), 149-150.
4.
Allport, G. W.
, Vernon, P. E., & Lindzey, G. A. (1960). A Study of Values. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
5.
Becker, B. W.
, & Connor, P. E. (1981). Values of long-term care facility administrators. Journal of Long-Term Care Administration, 9, 18-28.
6.
Becker, B. W.
, & Connor, P. E. (1986). On the status and promise of values research. Management Bibliographies and Reviews, 12, 3-17.
7.
Chatman, J. A.
(1989). Improving interactional organizational research: A model of person-organzation fit. Academy of Management Review, 14, 333-349.
8.
Chatman, J. A.
(1991). Matching people and organizations: Selection and socialization in public accounting firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 333-349.
9.
Connor, P. E.
, Becker, B. W., Kakuyama, T., & Moore, L. F. (1993). A cross-national comparative study of managerial values: U.S., Canada, and Japan. Advances in International Comparative Management, 8, 3-29.
10.
England, G. W.
(1967). Personal values systems of American managers. Academy of Management Journal, 10, 53-68.
11.
England, G. W.
(1971). Personal Values Questionnaire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Industrial Relations Center.
12.
England, G. W.
(1976). The manager and his values: An international perspective. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
13.
Enz, C. A.
(1986). Power and shared values in the corporate culture. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press.
14.
Enz, C. A.
(1988). The role of value congruity in intraorganizational power. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 284-304.
15.
Enz, C. A.
(1989). The relationship between organizational value sharing and influence over strategic decisions. International Journal of Value-Based Management, 2, 79-92.
16.
Enz, C. A.
, & Schwenk, C. (1988, August). Performance and the sharing of organizational values. Paper presented at meetings of the Academy of Management, Washington, DC.
17.
Hahn, C. K.
, & Vana, J. (1973). Values, value systems, and behavior of purchasing managers. Journal of Purchasing, 10, 15-27.
18.
Hofstede, G.
(1980). Culture's consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
19.
Hofstede, G.
(1991). Culture and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.
20.
Hofstede, G.
, Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 286-316.
21.
Hughes, G. D.
, Rao, V. R., & Alker, H. A. (1976). The influence of values, information, and decision orders on a public policy decision. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 6, 145-148.
22.
Judge, T. A.
, & Bretz, R. D., Jr. (1992). Effects of work values on job choice decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 261-271.
23.
Kahle, L. R.
(1984). Social values and adaption to life in America. New York: Praeger.
24.
Kahle, L. R.
, Poulos, B., & Sukhdial, A. (1988). Changes in social values in the United States during the past decade. Journal of Advertising Research, 21, 35-41.
25.
Kluckhohn, C.
(1951). Values and value orientations in the theory of action. In T. Parsons & E. A. Shils (Eds.), Toward a general theory of action (pp. 388-433). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
26.
Kluckhohn, F.
, & Strodbeck, F. L. (1961). Variations in value orientation. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
27.
Kluge, E. A.
(1982). On the values of hotel sales managers. HMSA Marketing Review, 1, 20-23.
28.
Lee, J. A.
(1988). Changes in managerial values, 1965-1986. Business Horizons, 31, 29-37.
29.
Lipset, S. M.
(1990). Continental divide. New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hall.
30.
Meglino, B. M.
, Ravlin, E. C., & Adkins, C. L. (1989). A work values approach to corporate culture: A field test of the value congruence process and its relationship to individual outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 424-432.
31.
Meglino, B. M.
, Ravlin, E. C., & Adkins, C. L. (1992). The measurement of work value congruence: A field study comparison. Journal of Management, 18, 33-43.
32.
Munson, J. M.
, & Posner, B. Z. (1979). The values of engineers and managing engineers. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, EM-26, 94-100.
33.
Pine, G. J.
, & Innis, G. (1987). Cultural and individual work values. Career Development Quarterly, 35, 279-287.
34.
Posner, B. Z.
, Kouzes, J. M., & Schmidt, W. H. (1985). Shared values make a difference: An empirical test of corporate culture. Human Resource Management, 24, 293-310.
35.
Posner, B. Z.
, & Low, P. S. (1991). Australian and American values: Subtle differences. International Journal of Management, 7, 89-97.
36.
Posner, B. Z.
, & Schmidt, W. H. (1983). U.S. and European executives begin to think alike. International Management, 38, 58-60.
37.
Posner, B. Z.
, & Schmidt, W. H. (1984). Values and the American manager: An update. California Management Review, 26, 202-216.
38.
Posner, B. Z.
, & Schmidt, W. H. (1987). Values and expectations of city managers in California. Public Administration Review, 47, 404-409.
39.
Posner, B. Z.
, & Schmidt, W. H. (1988). Government morale and management: A survey of federal executives. Public Personnel Management, 17, 21-28.
40.
Posner, B. Z.
, & Schmidt, W. H. (1992). Values and the American manager: An update updated. California Management Review, 34, 80-94.
41.
Raelin, J. A
(1986). The clash of cultures: Managers and professionals. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
42.
Ravlin, E. C.
, & Meglino, B. hi (1987a). Effect of values on perception and decision making A study of alternative work values measures. Journal of Applied Psychlogy, 72, 666-673.
43.
Ravlin, E. C.
, & Meglino, B. M. (1987b). Issues in work values measurement. In W. C. Frederick (Ed.), Research in corporate social performance and policy (Vol. 9, pp. 153-183). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
44.
Ravlin, E. C.
, & Meglino, B. M. (1989). The transitivity of work values: Hierarchical preference ordering of socially desirable stimuli. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 44, 494-508.
45.
Rokeach, M.
(1967). Value Survey. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
46.
Rokeach, M.
(1968). Beliefs, attitudes and values. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
47.
Rokeach, M.
(1985). Inducing changes and stability in belief systems and personality structures. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 153-171.
48.
Rokeach, M.
, & Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (1989). Stability and change in American value priorities: 1968-1989. American Psychologist, 44, 775-784.
49.
Theodorson, G. A.
, & Theodorson, A. G. (1969). A modern dictionary of sociology. New York: Cromwell.
50.
Trice, H. M.
, & Beyer, J. M. (1993). The cultures of work organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
51.
Van Maanen, J.
(1975). Police socialization: A longitudinal examination of job attitudes in an urban police department. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20, 207-228.
52.
Van Maanen, J.
, & Barley, S. R. (1984). Occupational communities: Culture and control in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 287-365). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
53.
Van Maanen, J.
, & Schein, E. H. (1979). Toward a theory of organizational socialization. In B. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 1, pp. 209-269). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
54.
Whitely, W.
(1979). A cross-national test of England's model of managers' value systems and their relationship to behavior. In G. W. England, A. R. Neghandi, & B. Wilpert (Eds.), Organizational functioning in a cross-cultural perspective (pp. 19-47). Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.
55.
Whitely, W.
, & England, G. W. (1977). Managerial values as a reflection of culture and the process of industrialization. Academy of Management Journal, 20, 439-453.
56.
Williams, R. M., Jr.
(1968). The concept of values. In D. L. Sills (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social sciences (Vol. 16, pp. 283-287). New York: Macmillan.
57.
Williams, R. M., Jr.
(1970). American society: A sociological interpretation (3rd ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
58.
Williams, R. M., Jr.
(1979). Change and stability in values and value systems: A sociological perspective. In M. Rokeach (Ed.), Understanding human values (pp. 15-46). New York: Free Press.
