This article constructs an alternative analytic lens by which to consider the “everyone wins” conclusions drawn within most workplace spirituality (WPS) research. The article offers a critical 2 × 2 matrix that makes visible two potentially negative organizational dimensions of WPS: control and instrumentality. The article investigates into the four quadrants of WPS: seduction, evangelization, manipulation, and subjugation, through practical examples. It concludes with implications for the workplace and offers an agenda for future research.
Aggarwal, U., Datta, S., & Bhargava, S. ( 2007). The relationship between human resource practices, psychological contract and employee engagement-Implications for managing talent. IIMB Management Review, 19, 313-325.
2.
Ashforth, B.E., & Pratt, M. ( 2003). Institutionalized spirituality: An oxymoron? In R. Giacalone & C. Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 93-107). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
3.
Ashforth, B.E., & Vaidyanath, D. (2002). Work organizations as secular religions. Journal of Management Inquiry, 11, 359-370.
4.
Becker, E. ( 1973). The denial of death. New York: Free Press.
5.
Beder, S. ( 2000). Selling the work ethic: From Puritan pulpit to corporate PR. Carlton North: Scribe.
6.
Bell, E. ( 2008). Towards a critical spirituality of organization. Culture and Organization, 14, 293-307.
7.
Bell, E., & Taylor, S. ( 2003). The elevation of work: Pastoral power and the New Age work ethic. Organization, 10, 329-349.
8.
Bell, E., & Taylor, S. ( 2004). ‘From outward bound to inward bound’: The prophetic voices and discursive practices of spiritual management development . Human Relations, 57, 439-466.
9.
Benefiel, M. ( 2003). Irreconcilable foes? The discourse of spirituality and the discourse of organizational science. Organization, 10, 383-391.
10.
Benefiel, M. ( 2005a). The second half of the journey: Spiritual leadership for organizational transformation. Leadership Quarterly, 16, 723-747.
11.
Benefiel, M. ( 2005b). Soul at work: Spiritual leadership in organizations . New York: Seabury Books.
12.
Biberman, J., & Whitty, M. ( 1997). A postmodern spiritual future at work. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 10, 130-138.
13.
Biberman, J., & Whitty, M. (Eds.). (2000). Work & spirit: A reader of new spiritual paradigms for organizations. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton.
14.
Boje, D. ( 2008). Critical theory approaches to spirituality in business . New york: Palgrave MacMillan.
15.
Butterfield, S. ( 1985). Amway: The cult of free enterprise. Boston: South End Press.
16.
Caproni, P. ( 2004). Work/life balance: You can’t get there from here . Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 40, 208-218.
17.
Casey, C. ( 1995). Work, self and society: After industrialism. London: Routledge.
18.
Casey, C. ( 1996). Corporate transformations: Designer culture, designer employees and post-occupational solidarity. Organization, 3, 317-339.
19.
Casey, C. ( 1999). "Come and join our family": Discipline and integration in corporate organizational culture. Human Relations, 52, 155-178.
20.
Casey, C. ( 2000). Work, non-work and resacralizing self. Social Compass, 47, 571-587.
21.
Casey, C. ( 2002). Critical analysis of organizations: Theory, practice, revitalization. London: Sage.
22.
Casey, C. ( 2004). Bureaucracy re-enchanted? Spirit, experts and authority in organizations. Organization, 11, 59-79.
23.
Cavanagh, G.F. ( 2003). Religion and spirituality in business: Obstacles and opportunities. In O. F. Williams (Ed.), Business, religion, and spirituality: A new synthesis (pp. 263-278). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame.
24.
Cavanagh, G.F., & Bandsuch, M. ( 2002). Virtue as a benchmark for spirituality in business. Journal of Business Ethics, 38, 109-117.
25.
Conger, J. ( 1990). The dark side of leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 19, 44-55.
26.
Conlin, M. ( 1999, November 1). Religion in the workplace: The growing presence of spirituality in corporate America. Business Week, pp. 150-158.
27.
Costea, B., Crump, N., & Holm, J. ( 2007). The spectre of Dionysus: Play, work, and managerialism . Society and Business Review, 2, 153-169.
28.
Cox, H. ( 1965). The secular city. New York: MacMillan.
29.
Dane, B., & Moore, R. ( 2005). Social workers’ use of spiritual practices in palliative care. Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care, 1, 63-81.
30.
Dehler, G.E., & Welsh, M.A. ( 2003). The experience of work: Spirituality and the new workplace . In R. A. Giacalone & C. L. Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 108-122). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
31.
Dolan, M. ( 2008, August 19). California doctors can’t refuse treatment to gays on religious grounds, court rules. Los Angeles Times . Available from http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-supreme19-2008aug2019,2000,2388017.story
32.
Driscoll, C., & Wiebe, E. ( 2007). Technical spirituality at work: Jacques Ellul on workplace spirituality. Journal Of Management Inquiry, 16, 333-348.
33.
Driver, M. ( 2005). From empty speech to full speech? Reconceptualizing spirituality in organizations based on a psychoanalyticallygrounded understanding of the self. Human Relations, 58, 1091-1110.
34.
Driver, M. ( 2007a). Meaning and suffering in organizations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20, 611-632.
35.
Driver, M. ( 2007b). A "spiritual turn" in organization studies: Meaning making or meaningless. Journal of Management, Spirituality, & Religion, 4, 56-86.
36.
Driver, M. ( 2008). New and useless: A psychoanalytic perspective on organizational creativity. Journal Of Management Inquiry, 17, 187-197.
37.
Duchon, D., & Plowman, D.A. ( 2005). Nurturing the spirit at work: Impact on work unit performance . Leadership Quarterly, 16, 807-833.
38.
Edward, K.-I. ( 2005). The phenomenon of resilience in crisis care mental health clinicians. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing , 14, 142-148.
39.
Faver, C.A. ( 2004). Relational spirituality and social caregiving. Social Work, 49, 241-250.
40.
Fineman, S. ( 2006). On being positive: concerns and counterpoints. Academy of Management Review, 31, 270-291.
41.
Fleming, P., & Sewell, G. ( 2002). Looking for the good soldier, Svejk. Sociology, 36, 857-873.
42.
Fornaciari, C.J., Sherlock, J.J., Ritchie, W.J., & Lund Dean, K. ( 2005). Scale development practices in the measurement of ppirituality . International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 13, 28-49.
43.
Foust, D., Smith, G., & Woyke, E. ( 2006). ‘Killer Coke’ or innocent abroad. BusinessWeek, p. 3968.
44.
Fry, L., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. ( 2005). Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. Leadership Quarterly , 16, 835-862.
45.
Gardiner, J. ( 2005, April 29). Comptroller asks Coca-Cola Company to probe violence. New York Sun. Available from http://www.killercoke.org/sun0429.htm
46.
Giacalone, R.A., & Jurkiewicz, C. (2003). Toward a science of workplace spirituality. In R. A. Giacalone & C. Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 3-28). Armonk : M.E. Sharpe.
47.
Grant, D. ( 2004). Spirituality interventions: How, when, and why nurses use them. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18, 36-41.
48.
Gunther, M. ( 2001, July 16). God and business: The surprising quest for spiritual renewal in the American workplace. Fortune, pp. 58-80.
49.
Guthey, E., & Jackson, B. ( 2005). CEO portraits and the authenticity paradox. Journal of Management Studies, 42, 1057-1082.
50.
Hart, D.W., & Brady, F.N. ( 2005). Spirituality and archetype in organizational life. Business Ethics Quarterly, 15, 409-428.
51.
Hess, N., & Jepsen, D.M. ( 2008, August 8-13). The psychological contract: Investigation of generational and career stage differences. Paper presented at the The Academy of Management, Anaheim, CA.
52.
Hicks, D.A. ( 2002). Spritual and religious diversity in the workplace. Implications for leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 379-396.
53.
Hirschhorn, L. ( 1997). Reworking authority: Leading and following in the post-modern organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
54.
Holmer Nadesan, M. ( 1999). The discourses of corporate spiritualism and evangelical capitalism. Management Communication Quarterly, 13, 3-42.
55.
Jackson, B. ( 2001). Management gurus and management fashion: A dramatistic inquiry. London: Routledge.
56.
Kamoche, K. ( 2000). Developing managers: The functional, the symbolic, the sacred and the profane. Organization Studies, 21, 747-774.
57.
Kamoche, K. ( 2003). Organizational spiritualism: Toward a critical analysis . Paper presented at the Academy of Management , Seattle, WA.
58.
Kurth, K. ( 2003). Spiritually renewing ourselves at work: Finding meaning through serving. In R. Giacalone & C. Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 447-460). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
59.
Lips-Wiersma, M. ( 2002). Analysing the career concerns of spiritually oriented people: Lessons from contemporary organizations. Career Development International, 7, 385-397.
60.
Lips-Wiersma, M. ( 2004). Furthering management and spirituality education through the use of paradox. Journal of Management Education, 28, 119-133.
61.
Lips-Wiersma, M., & Nilakant, V. ( 2008). Practical compassion: Towards a critical spiritual foundation for corporate responsibility. In J. Biberman & L. Tishler (Eds.), Spirituality in business. Theory, practice, and future directions. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
62.
Lund Dean, K., Fornaciari, C.J., & McGee, J.J. (2003). Research in spirituality, religion, and work: Walking the line between relevance and legitimacy. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16, 378-395.
63.
Lund Dean, K., Fornaciari, C.J., & Safranski, S.R. (2008). The ethics of spiritual inclusion. In J. Biberman & L. Tischler (Eds.), Spirituality in business: Theory, practice, and future directions (pp. 188-202). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
64.
McCann, D.P. ( 2001). Catholic social teaching in an era of economic globalization: A resource for business ethics. In S. W. Herman (Ed.), Spiritual goods: Faith traditions and the practice of business (pp. 87-105). Philosophy Documentation Center with Business Ethics Quarterly.
65.
McKinlay, A., & Taylor, P. ( 1998). Through the looking glass: Foucault and the politics of production. In A. McKinlay & K. Starkey (Eds.), Foucault, management, and organization theory (pp. 173-190). London: Sage.
66.
Meda, D. ( 1996). New perspectives on work as value. International Labour Review, 135, 633-644.
67.
Miller, D.W. ( 2007). God at work: The history and promise of the faith at work movement. New York: Oxford University Press.
68.
Milliman, J., Ferguson, J., Trickett, D., & Condemi, B. ( 1999). Spirit and community at Southwest Airlines: An investigation of a spiritual values-based model. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12, 221-233.
69.
Mitroff, I.I. ( 2003). Do not promote religion under the guise of spirituality . Organization, 10, 375-382.
70.
Mitroff, I.I., & Denton, E.A. ( 1999a). A spiritual audit of corporate America: A hard look at spirituality, religion, and values in the workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
71.
Mitroff, I.I., & Denton, E.A. ( 1999b). A study of spirituality in the workplace. Sloan Management Review, 40, 83-92.
72.
Nash, L.L. ( 2003). A spiritual audit of business: From tipping point to tripping point. In C. Williams & F. Oliver (Ed.), Business, religion & spirituality: A new synthesis (pp. 53-78). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
73.
O’Toole, J., & Lawler, E. ( 2006). The new American workplace. New York : Palgrave MacMillan.
74.
Pandey, A., & Gupta, R. ( 2008). A perspective of collective consciousness of business organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 80, 889-898.
75.
Parker, L. ( 2007, August 3). Some doctors refuse services for religious reasons. USA Today, pp. 1A, 3A.
76.
Perrow, C. ( 2002). Organizing America: Wealth, power, and the origins of corporate capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
77.
Perrow, C. ( 2007). Keynote speech of the Critical Management Studies division . Paper presented at the Academy of Management .
78.
Polley, D., Vora, J., & SubbaNarasimha, P.N. (2005). Paying the devil his due: Limits and liabilities of workplace spirituality. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 13, 50-63.
79.
Porth, S.J., Steingard, D., & McCall, J. (2003). Spirituality and business: The latest management fad or the next breakthrough? In C. Oliver & F. Williams (Ed.), Business, religion, and spirituality: A new synthesis (pp. 249-262). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame.
80.
Pratt, M.G. ( 2000). The good, the bad and the ambivalent: Managing identification among Amway distributors. Administrative Science Quarterly , 45, 456-493.
81.
Schoeff, M. ( 2006). Bill seeks to expand right to religious expression at work. Workforce Management, 85, 3.
82.
Sheep, M.L. ( 2006). Nurturing the whole person: The ethics of workplace spirituality in a society of organizations. Journal of Business Ethics , 66, 357-375.
83.
Shorto, R. ( 2004, October 31). Faith at work. New York Times Magazine, 40-46, 62, 66, 69.
84.
Sinclair, A. ( 2006). Critical diversity management practice in Australia: Romanced or co-opted? In A. M. Kondrad, P. Prasad & J. K. Pringle (Eds.), Handbook of workplace diversity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
85.
Sinha, P.A., & Jackson, B. ( 2006). A Burkean inquiry into leader-follower identification motives. Culture and Organization, 12, 233-247.
86.
Smircich, L., & Morgan, G. (1982). Leadership: The management of meaning. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 18, 257-273. Stansbury, J., & Barry, B. (2007). Ethics programmes and the paradox of control. Business Ethics Quarterly, 17, 239-261.
87.
Stein, R. ( 2005, March 28). Pharmacists’ rights at the front of new debate. The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5490-2005Mar5427_5492.html
88.
Steingard, D.S. ( 2005). Spiritually-informed management theory, Towards profound possibilites for inquiry and transformation. Journal of Management Inquiry, 14, 227-241.
89.
Sugarman, J. ( 2007). Practical rationality and the questionable promise of positive psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 47, 175-197.
90.
Thompson, P., & Findlay, P. ( 1999). Changing the people: Social engineering in the contemporary workplace. In L. J. Ray & R. A. Sayer (Eds.), Culture and economy after the cultural turn (pp. 141-161). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
91.
Tischler, L., Biberman, G., & Fornaciari, C.J. (2007). The development & test of a research model for management, spirituality, & religion in organizations . Paper presented at the Academy of Management Meetings.
92.
Weber, M. ( 1958). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
93.
White, L. ( 1958). Dynamo and virgin reconsidered. American Scholar, 27, 183-194.
94.
White, R.D. ( 2003). Drawing the line: Religion and spirituality in the workplace . In R. A. Giacalone & C. L. Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 244-256). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
95.
Wilmott, H. ( 1993). Strength is ignorance; slavery is freedom: Managing culture in modern organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 40, 512-552.
