Prerepair Mortality in Cleft Lip and/or Palate: A Retrospective Analysis of Early Childhood Deaths

Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to identify specific causes, clinical features, and contributing factors associated with early childhood mortality in a vulnerable subset of patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) who did not survive to undergo surgical repair.

Design

This was a retrospective chart review study.

Setting

The study was conducted at a single tertiary medical center.

Patients/Participants

We identified 26 liveborn CL/P patients who died without cleft repair from 1970 to 2024. Their data was compared to a control group of 2070 surgically repaired CL/P patients from the same institution.

Main Outcome Measures

Our primary goal was to characterize the clinical profile of patients experiencing prerepair mortality. Secondary outcomes included identifying causes of death, maternal and prenatal risk factors, and comparing these findings with the surgically repaired patients.

Results

All 26 unrepaired patients (100%) had genetic syndromes or isolated severe congenital anomalies, a significant difference compared to 24% in the surgically repaired group (P < .0001). Trisomy 13 (30.8%), holoprosencephaly (23.1%), congenital cardiac defects (11.5%), and trisomy 18 (11.5%) were the leading causes of death. The median age at death for unrepaired patients was 25 days (interquartile range 4-125 days), significantly lower than the 61.9 years in the control group (P < .0001). Multivariable logistic regression showed that genetic syndromes or severe congenital anomalies were strongly associated with early mortality (P < .0001). Notably, all unrepaired patients who were born in the United States after 2005 had accurate prenatal diagnoses, which allowed clinical planning before the patients were born.

Conclusions

Prerepair mortality in CL/P is significantly driven by underlying genetic syndromes or congenital anomalies. For surgeons, this highlights the importance of genetic testing and prenatal care to guide appropriate surgical management. Considering a wait in surgical intervention until patients are approximately 4 months old may allow for better survival assessment and informed decisions for these high-risk individuals.