Models for Predicting Velopharyngeal Competence Based on Speech and Resonance Errors and Velopharyngeal Area Estimation

Abstract

Objective

To develop tools for predicting velopharyngeal competence (VPC) based on auditory-perceptual assessment and its correlation with objective measures of velopharyngeal orifice area.

Design

Methodological study.

Participants and Methods

Sixty-two patients with repaired cleft palate, aged 6 to 45 years, underwent aerodynamic evaluation by means of the pressure-flow technique and audiovisual recording of speech samples. Three experienced speech-language pathologists analysed the speech samples by rating the following resonance, visual, and speech variables: hypernasality, audible nasal air emission, nasal turbulence, weak pressure consonants, facial grimacing, active nonoral errors, and overall velopharyngeal competence. The correlation between the perceptual speech variables and velopharyngeal orifice area estimates was analysed with Spearman's correlation coefficient. Two statistical models (discriminant and exploratory) were used to predict VPC based on the orifice area estimates. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were performed to verify the clinical applicability of the models.

Results

There was a strong correlation between VPC (based on the orifice area estimates) and each speech variable. Both models showed 88.7% accuracy in predicting VPC. The sensitivity and specificity for the discriminant model were 92.3% and 97.2%, respectively, and 96.2% and 94.4% for the exploratory model.

Conclusion

Two predictor models based on ratings of resonance, visual, and speech variables and a simple calculation of a composite variable, SOMA (Eng. “sum”), were developed and found to be efficient in predicting VPC defined by orifice estimates categories based on aerodynamic measurements. Both tools may contribute to the diagnosis of velopharyngeal dysfunction in clinical practice.