The aim of the study was to investigate the microbial colonization (by Candida species, anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria) of maxillary obturators used for the restoration of maxillary defects, including during radiotherapy.
Design:
Retrospective cohort study.
Participants
Fifteen patients requiring a maxillary obturator prosthesis had swabs of their obturators and adjacent tissues taken at different stages of their treatment over a period of 8 years.
Method
Identification of microbial species from the swabs was carried out using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD PCR) analysis, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization, CHROMagar Candida chromogenic agar, and DNA sequencing.
Results
Candida species were detected in all patients and all patients developed mucositis and candidiasis during radiotherapy which was associated with an increase in colonization of surfaces with Candida spp., particularly C albicans. Microbial colonization increased during radiotherapy and as an obturator aged, and decreased following a reline, delivery of a new prosthesis, or antifungal treatment during radiotherapy.
Conclusions
Microbial colonization of maxillary obturators was related to the stage of treatment, age of the obturator material, radiotherapy and antifungal medications, and antifungal treatment may be recommended if C albicans colonization of palatal tissues is greater than 105 colony-forming units per cm2 following the first week of radiotherapy.
BealeFAGarrettPG. Cancer of the paranasal sinuses with particular reference to maxillary sinus cancer. J Otolaryngol. 1983;12(6):377‐382.
2.
FutranNDMendezE. Developments in reconstruction of midface and maxilla. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(3):249‐258.
3.
KalavrezosNBhandariR. Current trends and future perspectives in the surgical management of oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(6):429‐432.
4.
ZiniACzerninskiRSgan-CohenHD. Oral cancer over four decades: epidemiology, trends, histology, and survival by anatomical sites. J Oral Pathol Med. 2010;39(4):299‐305.
5.
JégouxaFMétreauaALouvelbGBedferC. Paranasal sinus cancer. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2013;130(6):327‐335.
AltmeyerUReddingPKhannaN. Microbiology. In: WatkinsonJCClarkeRW, eds. Scott-Browns Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Vol 1. CRC Press; 2018: pp. 224-230
9.
WargoMJHoganDA. Fungal-bacterial interactions: a mixed bag of mingling microbes. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2006;9(4):359‐364.
10.
Pereira-CenciTDel Bel CuryAACrielaardWTen CateJM. Development of Candida-associated denture stomatitis: new insights. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008;16(2):86‐94.
11.
HannahVEO'DonnellLRobertsonDRamageG. Denture stomatitis: causes, cures and prevention. Prim Dent J. 2017;16(4):46‐51.
12.
KhanIAhmadTManzoorNRizviMARazaUPremchandaniS. Evaluating the role of local host factors in the candidal colonization of oral cavity: a review update. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2020;11(2):169‐175.
13.
YinWXuSWangYZhangYChouSHGalperinMYHeJ. Ways to control harmful biofilms: prevention, inhibition, and eradication. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2021;47(1):57‐78.
14.
VarricchioAAvvisatiFVarricchioAMTortorielloGCiprandiG. The nose and paranasal sinuses. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010;23(Suppl 1):1‐3.
15.
MishraKBukavinaLGhannoumM. Symbiosis and dysbiosis of the human mycobiome. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:636131.
16.
VissinkABurlageFRSpijkervetFKJansmaJCoppesRP. Prevention and treatment of the consequences of head and neck radiotherapy. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003a;14(3):213‐225.
17.
VissinkAJansmaJSpijkervetFKBurlageFRCoppesRP. Oral sequelae of head and neck radiotherapy. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003b;14(3):199‐212.
18.
SonisST. Pathobiology of oral mucositis: novel insights and opportunities. J Support Oncol. 2007;5(9 Suppl 4):3‐11.
19.
KusiakAJereczek-FossaBACichońskaDAlterioD. Oncological-therapy related oral mucositis as an interdisciplinary problem-literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2464.
20.
NikawaHHamadaTYamamotoT. Denture plaque-past and recent concerns. J Dent. 1998;26(4):299‐304.
21.
NikawaHChenJHamadaTNishimuraMPolyzoisG. Candida albicans colonization on thermal cycled maxillofacial polymeric materials in vitro. J Oral Rehabil. 2001a;28(6):526‐533.
22.
LyonsKMCannonRDBeumerJBakrMMLoveRM. The role of biofilms and material surface characteristics in microbial adhesion to maxillary obturator materials: a literature review. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2020;57(4):487‐498.
23.
BollenCMLambrechtsPQuirynenM. Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: a review of the literature. Dent Mater. 1997;13(4):258‐269.
24.
BaierRE. Surface behaviour of biomaterials: the theta surface for biocompatibility. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2006;17(11):1057‐1062.
25.
TeughelsWVan AsscheNSliepenIQuirynenM. Effect of material characteristics and/or surface topography on biofilm development. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006;17(Suppl 2):68‐81.
26.
HaoYHuangXZhouXLiMRenBPengXChengL. Influence of dental prosthesis and restorative materials interface on oral biofilms. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(10):3157.
27.
SterzenbachTHelbigRHannigCHannigM. Bioadhesion in the oral cavity and approaches for biofilm management by surface modifications. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(12):4237‐4260.
28.
SchmalzGCieplikF. Biofilms on restorative materials. Monogr Oral Sci. 2021;29:155‐194.
29.
QuirynenMBollenCM. The influence of surface roughness and surface-free energy on supra- and subgingival plaque formation in man. A review of the literature. J Clin Periodontol. 1995;22(1):1‐14.
30.
BoksNPNordeWvan der MeiHCBusscherHJ. Forces involved in bacterial adhesion to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Microbiology. 2008;154(10):3122‐3133.
31.
BusscherHJRinastitiMSiswomihardjoWvan der MeiHC. Biofilm formation on dental restorative and implant materials. J Dent Res. 2010;89(7):657‐665.
32.
CannonRDNandAKJenkinsonHF. Adherence of Candida albicans to human salivary components adsorbed to hydroxylapatite. Microbiology. 1995;141(1):213‐219.
33.
O'SullivanJMJenkinsonHFCannonRD. Adhesion of Candida albicans to oral streptococci is promoted by selective adsorption of salivary proteins to the streptococcal cell surface. Microbiology. 2000;146(1):41‐48.
34.
HannigCHannigM. The oral cavity—a key system to understand substratum-dependent bioadhesion on solid surfaces in man. Clin Oral Investig. 2009;13(2):123‐139.
35.
HolmesARRodriguesEvan der WeilenPLyonsKMHaighBWheelerTDawesPJDCannonRD. Adherence of Candida albicans to silicone is promoted by the human salivary protein SPLUNC2/PSP/BPIFA2. Mol Oral Microbiol.2014;29(2):90‐98.
36.
ChandraJKuhnDMMukherjeePKHoyerLLMcCormickTGhannoumMA. Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans: development, architecture, and drug resistance. J Bacteriol. 2001;183(18):5385‐5394.
37.
WaltimoTVallittuPHaapasaloM. Adherence of Candida species to newly polymerized and waterstored denture base polymers. Int J Prosthodont. 2001;14(4):457‐460.
38.
MakihiraSNikawaHNishimuraMEgusaHSadamoriSRahayuRPNishimuraHHamadaT. Impact of components of denture acrylic resin on gingival cell growth and sensitivity to Candida albicans adhesion. Mycoses. 2002;45(8):300‐305.
39.
Serrano-GrangerCCerero-LapiedraRCampo-TraperoJDel Rio-HighsmithJ. In vitro study of the adherence of Candida albicans to acrylic resins: relationship to surface energy. Int J Prosthodont. 2005;18(5):392‐398.
40.
HeXYMeurmanJHKariKRautemaaRSamaranayakeLP. In vitro adhesion of Candida species to denture base materials. Mycoses. 2006;49(2):80‐84.
41.
MouraJSda SilvaWJPereiraTDel Bel CuryAARodrigues GarciaRC. Influence of acrylic resin polymerization methods and saliva on the adherence of four Candida species. J Prosthet Dent. 2006;96(3):205‐211.
42.
AvonSLGouletJPDeslauriersN. Removable acrylic resin disk as a sampling system for the study of denture biofilms in vivo. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(1):32‐38.
43.
NevzatogluEUOzcanMKulak-OzkanYKadirT. Adherence of Candida albicans to denture base acrylics and silicone-based resilient liner materials with different surface finishes. Clin Oral Investig. 2007;11(3):231‐236.
44.
Pereira-CenciTCuryAACenciMSRodrigues-GarciaRC. In vitro Candida colonization on acrylic resins and denture liners: influence of surface free energy, roughness, saliva, and adhering bacteria. Int J Prosthodont. 2007;20(3):308‐310.
45.
de OliveiraCEGasparotoTHDionisioTJPortoVCVieiraNASantosCF, Lara VS.Candida albicans and denture stomatitis: evaluation of its presence in the lesion, prosthesis, and blood. Int J Prosthodont. 2010;23(2):158‐159.
46.
AguayoSMarshallHPrattenJBradshawDBrownJSPorterSRSprattDBozecL. Early adhesion of Candida albicans onto dental acrylic surfaces. J Dent Res. 2017;96(8):917‐923.
47.
NikawaHJinCHamadaTMakihiraSPolyzoisG. Candida albicans growth on thermal cycled materials for maxillofacial prostheses in vitro. J Oral Rehabil. 2001b;28(8):755‐765.
48.
HolmesARvan der WielenPCannonRDRuskeDDawesP. Candida albicans binds to saliva proteins selectively adsorbed to silicone. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;102(4):488‐494.
Budtz-JorgensenE. The significance of Candida albicans in denture stomatitis. Scand J Dent Res. 1974;82(2):151‐190.
51.
ArendorfTMWalkerDM. Denture stomatitis: a review. J Oral Rehabil. 1987;14(3):217‐227.
52.
RamageGTomsettKWickesBLLópez-RibotJLReddingSW. Denture stomatitis: a role for Candida biofilms. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;98(1):53-559.
53.
FigueiralMHAzulAPintoEFonsecaPBrancoFMScullyC. Denture-related stomatitis: identification of aetiological and predisposing factors—A large cohort. J Oral Rehabil. 2007;34(6):448‐455.
54.
SkupienJAValentiniFBoscattoNPereira-CenciT. Prevention and treatment of Candida colonization on denture liners: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2013;110(5):356‐362.
55.
YarboroughACooperLDuqumIMendoncaGMcGrawKStonerL. Evidence regarding the treatment of denture stomatitis. J Prosthodont. 2016;25(4):288‐301.
56.
MorelLLPossebonAdRFaotFPintoLdR. Prevalence of risk factors for denture stomatitis in complete denture wearers. Braz J Oral Sci. 2019;18:e191414.
57.
WebbBCThomasCJWillcoxMDHartyDWKnoxKW. Candida-associated denture stomatitis. Aetiology and management: a review. Part 2. Oral diseases caused by Candida species. Aust Dent J. 1998;43(3):160‐166.
58.
Kulak-OzkanYKazazogluEArikanA. Oral hygiene habits, denture cleanliness, presence of yeasts and stomatitis in elderly people. J Oral Rehabil. 2002;29(3):300‐304.
SeneviratneCJJinLSamaranayakeLP. Biofilm lifestyle of Candida: a mini review. Oral Dis. 2008a;14(7):582‐590.
61.
HornDLNeofytosDAnaissieEJFishmanJASteinbachWJOlyaeiAJMarrKAPfallerMAChangC-HWebsterKM. Epidemiology and outcomes of candidemia in 2019 patients: data from the prospective antifungal therapy alliance registry. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(12):1695‐1703.
62.
TheinZMSeneviratneCJSamaranayakeYHSamaranayakeLP. Community lifestyle of Candida in mixed biofilms: a mini review. Mycoses. 2009;52(6):467‐475.
63.
MoranCGrussemeyerCASpaldingJRBenjaminDKReedSD. Comparison of costs, length of stay, and mortality associated with Candida glabrata and Candida albicans bloodstream infections. Am J Infect Control. 2010;38(1):78‐80.
64.
TumbarelloMFioriBTrecarichiEMPosteraroPLositoARDe LucaASanguinettiMFaddaGCaudaRPosteraroB. Risk factors and outcomes of candidemia caused by biofilm-forming isolates in a tertiary care hospital. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33705.
65.
PatilSRaoRSMajumdarBAnilS. Clinical appearance of oral Candida infection and therapeutic strategies. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:455.
66.
VaeziAFakhimHKhodavaisySAlizadehANazeriMSoleimaniABoekhoutTBadaliH. Epidemiological and mycological characteristics of candidemia in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Mycol Méd. 2017;27(2):146‐152.
67.
McIlroyP. Radiation mucositis: a new approach to prevention and treatment. Eur J Cancer Care. 2007;5(5):513‐519.
68.
SonisST. New thoughts on the initiation of mucositis. Oral Dis. 2010;16(7):597‐600.
69.
Al-DasooqiNSonisSTBowenJMBatemanEBlijlevensNGibsonRJLoganRMNairRGStringerAMYazbeckR,et al.Emerging evidence on the pathobiology of mucositis. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(7):2075‐2083.
70.
LallaRVBowenJMBaraschAEltingLEpsteinJKeefeDMMcGuireDBMiglioratiCNicolatou-GalitisOPetersonDE,et al.MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy. Cancer. 2014;120(10):1453‐1461.
71.
IngrossoGSaldiSMaraniSWongAYWBertelliMAristeiCZelanteT. Breakdown of symbiosis in radiation-induced oral mucositis. J Fungi. 2021;7:290. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7040290
72.
ClarksonJEWorthingtonHVFurnessSMcCabeMKhalidTMeyerS. Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;8:CD001973.
SandowPLHejrat-YazdiMHeftMW. Taste loss and recovery following radiation therapy. J Dent Res. 2006;85(7):608‐611.
75.
MirzaNMachtayMDevinePATroxelAAbboudSKDotyRL. Gustatory impairment in patients undergoing head and neck irradiation. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(1):24‐31.
76.
EpsteinJBBaraschA. Taste disorders in cancer patients: pathogenesis, and approach to assessment and management. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(2):77‐81.
77.
AsifMMooreAYaromNPopovtzerA. The effect of radiotherapy on taste sensation in head and neck cancer patients—a prospective study. Radiat Oncol. 2020;15(1):144.
78.
AzzamPMrouehMFrancisMDaherAAZeidanYH. Radiation-induced neuropathies in head and neck cancer: prevention and treatment modalities. Ecancer. 2020;14:1133.
79.
AlfaroRCrowderSSarmaKPArthurAEPepinoMY. Taste and smell function in head and neck cancer survivors. Chem Senses. 2021;46, bjab026.
80.
BuglioneMCavagniniRDi RosarioFSottocornolaLMaddaloMVassalliLGrisantiSSalgarelloSOrlandiEPaganelliC, et al.Oral toxicity management in head and neck cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and radiation: dental pathologies and osteoradionecrosis (part 1) literature review and consensus statement. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2016a;97:131‐142.
81.
KawashitaYSoutomeSUmedaMSaitoT. Oral management strategies for radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2020;56(1):62‐67.
82.
GrundmannOMitchellGCLimesandKH. Sensitivity of salivary glands to radiation: from animal models to therapies. J Dent Res. 2009;88(10):894‐903.
83.
BuglioneMCavagniniRDi RosarioFMaddaloMVassalliLGrisantiSSalgarelloSOrlandiEBossiPMajoranaA,et al.Oral toxicity management in head and neck cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and radiation: xerostomia and trismus (part 2). Literature review and consensus statement. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2016b;102:47‐54.
84.
RoesinkJMMoerlandMABattermannJJHordijkGJTerhaardCH. Quantitative dose-volume response analysis of changes in parotid gland function after radiotherapy in the head-and-neck region. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51(4):938‐946.
VissinkAvan LuijkPLangendijkJACoppesRP. Current ideas to reduce or salvage radiation damage to salivary glands. Oral Dis. 2015;21(1):e1‐10.
87.
HannigMDounisEHenningTApitzNStosserL. Does irradiation affect the protein composition of saliva?Clin Oral Investig. 2006;10(1):61‐65.
88.
LaheijAMRaschCNBrandtBWde SoetJJSchipperRGLoofASillettiEvan LoverenC. Proteins and peptides in parotid saliva of irradiated patients compared to that of healthy controls using SELDI-TOF-MS. BMC Res Notes.2015;8:639.
89.
BrownLRDreizenSRiderLJJohnstonDA. The effect of radiation-induced xerostomia on saliva and serum lysozyme and immunoglobulin levels. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976;41(1):83‐92.
90.
ValdezIHAtkinsonJCShipJAFoxPC. Major salivary gland function in patients with radiation-induced xerostomia: flow rates and sialochemistry. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993;25(1):41‐47.
91.
AlmståhlAWikstromMGroeninkJ. Lactoferrin, amylase and mucin MUC5B and their relation to the oral microflora in hyposalivation of different origins. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2001;16(6):345‐352.
92.
AlmståhlAWikströmMFagerberg-MohlinB. Microflora in oral ecosystems in subjects with radiation-induced hyposalivation. Oral Dis. 2008;14(6):541‐549.
93.
Zagury-OrlyIKhaouamNNoujaimJDesrosiersMYManiakasA. The effect of radiation and chemoradiation therapy on the head and neck mucosal microbiome: a review. Front Oncol. 2021;11:784457.
94.
LloryHDammronAFrankRM. Changes in the aerobic oral flora after buccopharyngeal radiotherapy. Arch Oral Biol. 1971;16(6):617‐630.
95.
BrownLRDreizenSHandlerSJohnstonDA. The effect of radiation-induced xerostomia on human oral microflora. J Dent Res. 1975;54(4):740‐750.
96.
KeeneHJDalyTBrownLRDreizenSDraneJBHortonIM, Handler SF, Perkins DH.Dental caries and Streptococcus mutans prevalence in cancer patients with irradiation-induced xerostomia: 1-13 years after radiotherapy. Caries Res. 1981;15(5):416‐427.
97.
KeeneHJFlemingTJ. Prevalence of caries-associated microflora after radiotherapy in patients with cancer of the head and neck. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987;64(4):421‐426.
98.
EpsteinJBMcBrideBCStevenson-MoorePMerileesHSpinelliJ. The efficacy of chlorhexidine gel in reduction of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species in patients treated with radiation therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991;71(2):172‐178.
99.
LeungWKJinLJYamWCSamaranayakeLP. Oral colonization of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods and cocci in irradiated, dentate, xerostomic individuals. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2001;16(1):1‐9.
100.
DahlenGBlomquistSCarlenA. A retrospective study on the microbiology in patients with oral complaints and oral mucosal lesions. Oral Dis. 2009;15(4):265‐272.
101.
LeungWKDassanayakeRSYauJYJinLJYamWCSamaranayakeLP. Oral colonization, phenotypic, and genotypic profiles of Candida species in irradiated, dentate, xerostomic nasopharyngeal carcinoma survivors. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(6):2219‐2226.
102.
JhamBCFrancaECOliveiraRRSantosVRKowalskiLPda Silva FreireAR. Candida oral colonization and infection in Brazilian patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy: a pilot study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103(3):355‐358.
103.
LallaRVLatortueMCHongCHAriyawardanaAD'Amato-PalumboSFischerDJ, Martof A, Nicolatou-Galitis O, Patton LL, Elting LS, et al.A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18(8):985‐992.
104.
DoddsMWJohnsonDAYehCK. Health benefits of saliva: a review. J Dent. 2005;33(3):223‐233.
105.
DirixPNuytsSVan den BogaertW. Radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: a literature review. Cancer. 2006;107(11):2525‐2534.
106.
BeumerJSungECKaglanRLyonsKMGulbransenHJVenkatachalamBGhaem-MaghamiN. Oral management of patients treated with radiation therapy and /or chemoradiation. In: BeumerJMarunickMTEspositoSJ, eds. Maxillofacial Rehabilitation: Prosthodontic and Surgical Management of Cancer-related Aquired, and Congenital Defects of the Head and Neck, 3rd ed. Quintessence Publishing; 2011: pp. 4-9.
107.
BeumerJIIICurtisTAMorrishRBJr. Radiation complications in edentulous patients. J Prosthet Dent. 1976;36(2):193‐203.
108.
LiYCaufieldPW. Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting for the genotypic identification of mutans streptococci from humans. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1998;13(1):17‐22.
109.
PasterBJBochesSKGalvinJLEricsonRELauCNLevanosVA, Sahasrabudhe A, Dewhirst FE.Bacterial diversity in human subgingival plaque. J Bacteriol. 2001;183(12):3770‐3783.
110.
SocranskySSHaffajeeADSmithCMartinLHaffajeeJAUzelNG, Goodson JM.Use of checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization to study complex microbial ecosystems. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2004;19(6):352‐362.
111.
AasJAPasterBJStokesLNOlsenIDewhirstFE. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(11):5721‐5732.
112.
MarshPDMartinMV. The resident oral microbiota. In: Oral Microbiology, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2005: pp. 80-83
113.
Wall-ManningGMSissonsCHAndersonSALeeM. Checkbord DNA-DNA hybridisation technology technology focused on the analysis of gram-positive cariogenic bacteria. J Microbiol Methods. 2002;51(3):301‐311.
114.
ZhangZSchwartzSWagnerLMillerW. A greedy algorithm for aligning DNA sequences. J Comput Biol. 2000;7(1–2):203‐214.
115.
World Health Organisation. WHO Handbook for Reporting Results of Cancer. WHO Publications Centre; 1997: pp. 15‐22.
116.
Cancer Therapy Evaluation Progam NCI. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v2.0, 1998.
117.
Cancer Therapy Evaluation Progam NCI. Common terminology criteria for adverse events v3.0, 2003.
118.
ReddingSWZellarsRCKirkpatrickWRMcAteeRKCaceresMAFothergillAW, Lopez-Ribot JL, Bailey CW, Rinaldi MG, Patterson TF.Epidemiology of oropharyngeal Candida colonization and infection in patients receiving radiation for head and neck cancer. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(12):3896‐3900.
119.
KermaniFSadeghianMShokohiT, Hashemi S, Moslemi D, Davodian S, Abastabar M, Bandalizadeh Z, Faeli L, Seifi Z, et al.Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from oral lesions in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Curr Med Mycol. 2021;7(1):44‐50.
BryersJD. Medical biofilms. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008;100(1):1‐18.
125.
PaharikAEHorswillAR. The staphylococcal biofilm: adhesins, regulation, and host response. Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4(2):10. .1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0022-2015.
126.
MartinMVvan SaeneHK. The role of oral microorganisms in cancer therapy. Curr Opin Dent. 1992;2(1):81‐84.
127.
NagyKNSonkodiISzokeINagyENewmanHN. The microflora associated with human oral carcinomas. Oral Oncol. 1998;34(4):304‐308.
128.
AnjaliKArunABBastianTSParthibanRSelvamaniMAdarshH. Oral microbial profile in oral cancer patients before and after radiation therapy in a cancer care center—A prospective study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2020;24(1):117‐124.
129.
Abu SharaKAGhareebMAZaherSMobacherAKhalifaMCSalehSZ. Radiotherapeutic effect on oropharyngeal flora in patients with head and neck cancer. J Laryngol Otol. 1993;107(3):222‐227.
130.
McIlvannaELindenGJCraigSGLundyFTJamesJA. Fusobacterium nucleatum and oral cancer: a critical review. BMC Cancer. 2021;21(1):1212.
131.
MinarovitsJ. Anaerobic bacterial communities associated with oral carcinoma: intratumoral, surface-biofilm and salivary microbiota. Anaerobe. 2021;68:102300.
132.
GendreauLLoewyZG. Epidemiology and etiology of denture stomatitis. J Prosthodont. 2011;20(4):251‐260.
133.
ShiBWuTMcLeanJ, Edlund A, Young Y, He X, Lv H, Zhou X, Shi W, Li H, Lux R.The denture-associated oral microbiome in health and stomatitis. mSphere. 2016;1(6):e00215‐16.
134.
GibbonsRJ. Bacterial adhesion to oral tissues: a model for infectious diseases. J Dent Res. 1989;68(5):750‐760.
135.
JinCNikawaHMakihiraSHamadaTFurukawaMMurataH. Changes in surface roughness and colour stability of soft denture lining materials caused by denture cleansers. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(2):125‐130.
136.
NikawaHJinCMakihiraSEgusaHHamadaTKumagaiH. Biofilm formation of Candida albicans on the surfaces of deteriorated soft denture lining materials caused by denture cleansers in vitro. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(3):243‐250.
137.
VerranJJacksonSCoulthwaiteLScallanALoewyZWhiteheadK. The effect of dentifrice abrasion on denture topography and the subsequent retention of microorganisms on abraded surfaces. J Prosthet Dent. 2014;112(6):1513‐1522.
138.
Amaya ArbeláezMIVerganiCEBarbugliPAPavarinaACSanitáPVJorgeJH. Long-term effect of daily chemical disinfection on surface topography and Candida Albicans biofilm formation on denture base and reline acrylic resins. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2020;18(1):999‐1010.
139.
JacksonSCoulthwaiteLLoewyZScallanAVerranJ. Biofilm development by blastospores and hyphae of Candida albicans on abraded denture acrylic resin surfaces. J Prosthet Dent. 2014;112(4):988‐993.
140.
da SilvaWJSeneviratneJSamaranayakeLPDel Bel CuryAA. Bioactivity and architecture of Candida albicans biofilms developed on poly(methyl methacrylate) resin surface. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2010;94(1):149‐156.
141.
SongFKooHRenD. Effects of material properties on bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. J Dent Res. 2015;94(8):1027‐1034.
142.
BelaziMVelegrakiAKoussidou-EremondiTAndreadisDHiniSArsenisG, Eliopoulou C, Destouni E, Antoniades D.Oral candida isolates in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: prevalence, azole susceptibility profiles and response to antifungal treatment. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2004;19(6):347‐351.
143.
VillaASonisST. Pharmacotherapy for the management of cancer regimen-related oral mucositis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17(13):1801‐1807.
144.
DengZKiyunaAHasegawaMNakasoneIHosokawaASuzukiM. Oral candidiasis in patients receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;143(2):242‐247.
145.
ClarksonJEWorthingtonHVEdenOB. Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;1:CD003807.
146.
DahiyaMCReddingSWDahiyaRSEngTYKirkpatrickWRCocoBJ, Sadkowski LC, Fothergill AW, Waite A, Rinaldi MG, et al.Oropharyngeal candidiasis caused by non-albicans yeast in patients receiving external beam radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57(1):79‐83.
147.
DumbrigueHBSandowPLNguyenKHHumphreys-BeherMG. Salivary epidermal growth factor levels decrease in patients receiving radiation therapy to the head and neck. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89(6):710‐716.
148.
HumphreySPWilliamsonRT. A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;85(2):162‐169.
149.
Barcellos-HoffMHParkCWrightEG. Radiation and the microenvironment—tumorigenesis and therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5(11):867‐875.
150.
VasconcelosRMSanfilippoNPasterBJKerrARLiYRamalhoLQueirozELSmithBSonisSTCorbyPM. Host-Microbiome cross-talk in oral mucositis. J Dent Res. 2016;95(7):725‐733.
151.
ChenCZhangQYuWChangBLeAD. Oral mucositis: an update on innate immunity and new interventional targets. J Dent Res. 2020;99(10):1122‐1130.
152.
LeeCTGallowayTJ. Pathogenesis and amelioration of radiation-induced oral mucositis. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2022;23(3):311‐324.
153.
EltingLSKeefeDMSonisSTGardenASSpijkervetFKBaraschA, Tishler RB, Canty TP, Kudrimoti MK, Vera-Llonch M, et al.Patient reported measurements of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy: demonstration of increased frequency, severity, resistance to palliation, and impact on quality of life. Cancer. 2008;113(10):2704‐2713.
154.
Al-RudayniAHMGopinathDMaharajanMKMenonRK. Impact of oral mucositis on quality of life in patients undergoing oncological treatment: a systematic review. Transl Cancer Res. 2020;9(4):3126‐3134.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
