To clarify and refine the specific elements of post-transplant recovery in lung transplant recipients, we explored the four dimensions of recovery: physiological, psychological, social, and habitual. This study is a scoping review. Two authors conducted a comprehensive electronic literature search to identify studies published from the establishment of the database to August 2022. Deductive coding was utilized to identify and categorize elements using a predefined list of the four components (physiological, psychological, social, and habitual recovery) based on the framework of post-transplant recovery proposed by Lundmark et al. Inductive coding was applied for concepts requiring further classification. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guideline. Systematic searching identified 8,616 potential records, of which 51 studies met the inclusion criteria. Ten subdimensions and their corresponding elements were identified and categorized into four dimensions of recovery following lung transplantation. The subdimensions included physiological recovery (including symptom experience, complications, physical function, and energy reserve), psychological recovery (encompassing affective distress, psychological adaptation, and transition from illness to health), social recovery (involving family adaptation and social adaptation), and habit recovery (focusing on health behavior).
ÅgrenS.SjöbergT.EkmehagB.WiborgM. B.IvarssonB. (2017). Psychosocial aspects before and up to 2 years after heart or lung transplantation: Experience of patients and their next of kin. Clinical Transplantation, 31(3), e12905. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12905
ArkseyH.O’MalleyL. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Reseach Methodology, 8(1), 19–32.
6.
ChambersD. C.CherikhW. S.HarhayM. O.HayesD.Jr.HsichE.KhushK. K.MeiserB.PotenaL.RossanoJ. W.TollA. E.SinghT. P.SadavarteA.ZuckermannA.StehlikJ. & International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. (2019). The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-sixth adult lung and heart-lung transplantation Report-2019; Focus theme: Donor and recipient size match. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 38(10), 1042–1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2019.08.001
7.
ChernyakY.TehL. (2020). Medically induced exacerbation of PTSD following lung transplantation: A case series. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 27(2), 305–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-019-09691-7
8.
De Vito DabbsA.DewM. A.MyersB.BegeyA.HawkinsR.RenD.Dunbar-JacobJ.OconnellE.McCurryK. R. (2009). Evaluation of a hand-held, computer-based intervention to promote early self-care behaviors after lung transplant. Clinical Transplantation, 23(4), 537–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2009.00992.x
9.
De Vito DabbsA.HoffmanL. A.SwigartV.HappM. B.DauberJ. H.McCurryK. R.IaconoA. (2004). Striving for normalcy: Symptoms and the threat of rejection after lung transplantation. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 59(7), 1473–1484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.01.013
10.
DewM. A.DiMartiniA. F.De Vito DabbsA. J.FoxK. R.MyaskovskyL.PoslusznyD. M.SwitzerG. E.ZomakR. A.KormosR. L.ToyodaY. (2012). Onset and risk factors for anxiety and depression during the first 2 years after lung transplantation. General Hospital Psychiatry, 34(2), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.11.009
11.
DiamondJ. M.CourtwrightA. M.BalarP.OysterM.ZaleskiD.AdlerJ.BrownM.HaysS. R.SutterN.GarveyC.KukrejaJ.GaoY.BruunA.SmithP. J.SingerJ. P. (2021). Mobile health technology to improve emergent frailty after lung transplantation. Clinical Transplantation, 35(4), e14236. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.14236
12.
EichenlaubM.RuettnerB.SeilerA.JeneweinJ.BoehlerA.BendenC.WutzlerU.GoetzmannL. (2021). The actualization of the transplantation complex on the axis of psychosomatic totality—Results of a qualitative study. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 9(4), 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040455
13.
EvaldL.GraarupJ.HøjskovI. E. (2020). Diary for self-observation: A self-management tool for recipients of lung transplantation—A pilot study. Nursing Open, 7(6), 1766–1773. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.562
14.
FatigatiA.AlrawashdehM.ZaldonisJ.DabbsA. D. (2016). Patterns and predictors of sleep quality within the first year after lung transplantation. Progress in Transplantation, 26(1), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632123
15.
ForsbergA.ClaësonM.DahlmanG. B.LennerlingA. (2018). Pain, fatigue and well-being one to five years after lung transplantation—A nationwide cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 32(2), 971–978. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12537
16.
FoxK. R.PoslusznyD. M.DiMartiniA. F.DeVito DabbsA. J.RosenbergerE. M.ZomakR. A.BermudezC.DewM. A. (2014). Predictors of post-traumatic psychological growth in the late years after lung transplantation. Clinical Transplantation, 28(4), 384–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12301
17.
Fusar-PoliP.LazzarettiM.CerutiM.HobsonR.PetrouskaK.CortesiM.PozziE.PolitiP. (2007). Depression after lung transplantation: Causes and treatment. Lung, 185(2), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-006-0093-1
18.
Gutierrez-AriasR.Martinez-ZapataM. J.Gaete-MahnM. C.OsorioD.BustosL.Melo TannerJ.HidalgoR.SeronP. (2021). Exercise training for adult lung transplant recipients. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7(7), CD012307. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012307.pub2
19.
IvarssonB.EkmehagB.SjöbergT. (2013). Patients’ experiences of information and support during the first six months after heart or lung transplantation. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 12(4), 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515112466155
20.
KuglerC.FischerS.GottliebJ.WelteT.SimonA.HaverichA.StrueberM. (2005). Health-related quality of life in two hundred-eighty lung transplant recipients. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 24(12), 2262–2268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2005.07.005
21.
LamasD. J.LakinJ. R.TrindadeA. J.CourtwrightA.GoldbergH. (2018). Looking beyond mortality in transplantation outcomes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 379(20), 1889–1891. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1806950
22.
LangerD.BurtinC.SchepersL.IvanovaA.VerledenG.DecramerM.TroostersT.GosselinkR. (2012). Exercise training after lung transplantation improves participation in daily activity: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Transplantation, 12(6), 1584–1592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04000.x
23.
LangerD.GosselinkR.PittaF.BurtinC.VerledenG.DupontL.DecramerM.TroostersT. (2009). Physical activity in daily life 1 year after lung transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 28(6), 572–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2009.03.007
24.
LennerlingA.KischA. M.ForsbergA. (2018). Health literacy among swedish lung transplant recipients 1 to 5 years after transplantation. Progress in Transplantation, 28(4), 338–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924818800043
25.
LoMauroA.RighiI.PriviteraE.VergariM.NigroM.AlivertiA.FrykholmP.TarsiaP.MorlacchiL.NosottiM.PalleschiA. (2020). The impaired diaphragmatic function after bilateral lung transplantation: A multifactorial longitudinal study. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 39(8), 795–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2020.04.010
26.
LundmarkM.ErlandssonL. K.LennerlingA.AlmgrenM.ForsbergA. (2016). Health transition after lung transplantation—A grounded theory study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(15–16), 2285–2294. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13269
27.
LundmarkM.LennerlingA.AlmgrenM.ForsbergA. (2016). Recovery after lung transplantation from a patient perspective—Proposing a new framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(12), 3113–3124. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13058
28.
LundmarkM.LennerlingA.AlmgrenM.ForsbergA. (2019). Recovery, symptoms, and well-being one to five years after lung transplantation—A multi-centre study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 33(1), 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12618
29.
LundmarkM.LennerlingA.ForsbergA. (2019). Developing a grounded theory on adaptation after lung transplantation from intermediate-term patient experiences. Progress in Transplantation, 29(2), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924819835823
30.
ManyB. T.HasanM.RavalM. V.HollJ. L.AbdullahF.GhomrawiH. (2021). Conceptual frameworks of postoperative recovery: A scoping review. The Journal of Surgical Research, 263, 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2021.01.031
31.
Mejia-DownsA.DiPernaC.ShankC.JohnsonR.RiceD.HageC. (2018). Predictors of long-term exercise capacity in patients who have had lung transplantation. Progress in Transplantation, 28(3), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924818781564
32.
PatelA.ChernyakY. (2020). The need for psychological rehabilitation in lung transplant recipients. Progress in Transplantation, 30(2), 140–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924820913510
33.
PerezA. A.HaysS. R.SoongA.GaoY.GreenlandJ. R.LeardL. E.ShahR. J.GoldenJ.KukrejaJ.VenadoA.KleinhenzM. E.SingerJ. P. (2020). Improvements in frailty contribute to substantial improvements in quality of life after lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology, 55(6), 1406–1413. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24747
34.
PetersonJ.PearceP. F.FergusonL. A.LangfordC. A. (2017). Understanding scoping reviews: Definition, purpose, and process. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 29(1), 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12380
35.
PetrucciL.RicottiS.MicheliniI.VituloP.OggionniT.CascinaA.D’ArminiA. M.GoggiC.CampanaC.ViganòM.Dalla-ToffolaE.TinelliC.KlersyC. (2007). Return to work after thoracic organ transplantation in a clinically-stable population. European Journal of Heart Failure, 9(11), 1112–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2007.08.002
36.
Psychosocial Outcomes Workgroup of the Nursing and Social Sciences Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, CupplesS.DewM. A.GradyK. L.De GeestS.DobbelsF.LanuzaD.ParisW. (2006). Report of the Psychosocial Outcomes Workgroup of the Nursing and Social Sciences Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Present status of research on psychosocial outcomes in cardiothoracic transplantation: Review and recommendations for the field. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 25(6), 716–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2006.02.005
37.
RodrigueJ. R.BazM. A.KanaskyW. F.Jr.MacNaughtonK. L. (2005). Does lung transplantation improve health-related quality of life? The University of Florida experience. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 24(6), 755–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2004.04.012
38.
RosenbergerE. M.DeVito DabbsA. J.DiMartiniA. F.LandsittelD. P.PilewskiJ. M.DewM. A. (2017). Long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial evaluating a mobile health intervention for self-management in lung transplant recipients. American Journal of Transplantation, 17(5), 1286–1293. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14062
39.
RosenbergerE. M.DewM. A.DiMartiniA. F.DeVito DabbsA. J.YusenR. D. (2012). Psychosocial issues facing lung transplant candidates, recipients and family caregivers. Thoracic Surgery Clinics, 22(4), 517–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thorsurg.2012.08.001
40.
RosenbergerE. M.DiMartiniA. F.DeVito DabbsA. J.BermudezC. A.PilewskiJ. M.ToyodaY.DewM. A. (2016). Psychiatric predictors of long-term transplant-related outcomes in lung transplant recipients. Transplantation, 100(1), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000000824
41.
SatoM.OkadaY.OtoT.MinamiM.ShiraishiT.NagayasuT.YoshinoI.ChidaM.OkumuraM.DateH.MiyoshiS.KondoT., & Japanese Society of Lung and Heart–Lung Transplantation. (2014). Registry of the Japanese Society of Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation: Official Japanese lung transplantation report, 2014. General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 62(10), 594–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-014-0418-6
42.
SchaenmanJ. M.DiamondJ. M.GreenlandJ. R.GriesC.KennedyC. C.ParulekarA. D.RozenbergD.SingerJ. P.SingerL. G.SnyderL. D.BhoradeS. (2021). Frailty and aging-associated syndromes in lung transplant candidates and recipients. American Journal of Transplantation, 21(6), 2018–2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16439
43.
ShihF. J.TsaoC. I.LinM. H.LinH. Y. (2002). The context framing the changes in health-related quality of life and working competence before and after lung transplantation: One-year follow-up in Taiwan. Transplantation Proceedings, 34(7), 2801–2806. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03481-4
44.
SingerJ. P.BlancP. D.DeanY. M.HaysS.LeardL.KukrejaJ.GoldenJ.KatzP. P. (2014). Development and validation of a lung transplant-specific disability questionnaire. Thorax, 69(5), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204557
45.
SmithP. J.DunitzJ. M.LucyA.HempsteadS. E.TallaricoE.FaroA.PilewskiJ. M.RamosK. J. (2020). Incorporating patient and caregiver feedback into lung transplant referral guidelines for individuals with cystic fibrosis—Preliminary findings from a novel paradigm. Clinical Transplantation, 34(10), e14038. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.14038
46.
SmithP.KandakatlaA.FrankelC. W.BaconD. R.BushE.MentzR. J.SnyderL. D. (2021). Sleep quality, depressive symptoms, and transplant outcomes: Follow-up analyses from the ADAPT prospective pilot study. General Hospital Psychiatry, 72, 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.06.011
47.
SpiesshoeferJ.HenkeC.KabitzH. J.NoferJ. R.MohrM.EversG.StreckerJ. K.BrixT.RanderathW. J.HerkenrathS.SchmidtL. H.BoentertM. (2020). Respiratory muscle and lung function in lung allograft recipients: Association with exercise intolerance. Respiration, 99(5), 398–408. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507264
48.
TeichmanB. J.BurkerE. J.WeinerM.EganT. M. (2000). Factors associated with adherence to treatment regimens after lung transplantation. Progress in Transplantation, 10(2), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/152692480001000208
49.
ThomsenD.JensenB. Ø. (2009). Patients’ experiences of everyday life after lung transplantation. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(24), 3472–3479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02828.x
50.
TriccoA. C.LillieE.ZarinW.O’BrienK. K.ColquhounH.LevacD.MoherD.PetersM. D. J.HorsleyT.WeeksL.HempelS.AklE. A.ChangC.McGowanJ.StewartL.HartlingL.AldcroftA.WilsonM. G.GarrittyC.. . .StrausS. E. (2018). PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
51.
ValapourM.LehrC. J.SkeansM. A.SmithJ. M.UccelliniK.GoffR.FoutzJ.IsraniA. K.SnyderJ. J.KasiskeB. L. (2020). OPTN/SRTR 2018 annual data report: Lung. American Journal of Transplantation, 20(Suppl 1), 427–508. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15677
52.
VenadoA.KolaitisN. A.HuangC. Y.GaoY.GliddenD. V.SoongA.SutterN.KatzP. P.GreenlandJ. R.CalabreseD. R.HaysS. R.GoldenJ. A.ShahR. J.LeardL. E.KukrejaJ.DeuseT.WoltersP. J.CovinskyK.BlancP. D.SingerJ. P. (2020). Frailty after lung transplantation is associated with impaired health-related quality of life and mortality. Thorax, 75(8), 669–678. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213988
53.
VivodtzevI.PisonC.GuerreroK.MezinP.MacletE.BorelJ. C.ChaffanjonP.HaciniR.ChavanonO.BlinD.WuyamB. (2011). Benefits of home-based endurance training in lung transplant recipients. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 177(2), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2011.02.005
54.
WalshJ. R.ChambersD. C.DavisR. J.MorrisN. R.SealeH. E.YerkovichS. T.HopkinsP. M. (2013). Impaired exercise capacity after lung transplantation is related to delayed recovery of muscle strength. Clinical Transplantation, 27(4), E504–E511. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12163
55.
WickersonL.HelmD.GottesmanC.RozenbergD.SingerL. G.KeshavjeeS.SidhuA. (2021). Telerehabilitation for lung transplant candidates and recipients during the COVID-19 pandemic: Program evaluation. JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth, 9(6), e28708. https://doi.org/10.2196/28708
56.
WickersonL.MathurS.BrooksD. (2010). Exercise training after lung transplantation: A systematic review. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 29(5), 497–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2009.12.008
57.
WickersonL.RozenbergD.Janaudis-FerreiraT.DelivaR.LoV.BeauchampG.HelmD.GottesmanC.MendesP.VieiraL.HerridgeM.SingerL. G.MathurS. (2016). Physical rehabilitation for lung transplant candidates and recipients: An evidence-informed clinical approach. World Journal of Transplantation, 6(3), 517–531. https://doi.org/10.5500/wjt.v6.i3.517
58.
WickersonL.RozenbergD.SingerL. G.MathurS. (2023). Early change in lower limb strength and function in lung transplant patients after center-based and telerehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 43(1), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0000000000000728
59.
WuB.HuC.ChenW.HeJ.JiangG.ZhangJ.LiuD.LiX.WeiD.JiaoG.WangC.ChenJ. (2020). China lung transplantation developing: Past, present and future. Annals of Translational Medicine, 8(3), 41. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.10.26
60.
XuJ.AdeboyejoO.WagleyE.AubrechtJ.SongM. K.ThiryL.DabbsA. D. (2012). Daily burdens of recipients and family caregivers after lung transplant. Progress in Transplantation, 22(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.7182/pit2012815
61.
YoonB. R.ParkJ. E.KimC. Y.ParkM. S.KimY. S.ChungK. S.SongJ. H.PaikH. C.LeeJ. G.KimS. Y. (2018). Factors associated with lung function recovery at the first year after lung transplantation. Yonsei Medical Journal, 59(9), 1088–1095. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2018.59.9.1088
62.
ZaldonisJ.AlrawashdehM.AtmanK. S.FatigatiA.DabbsA. D.BermudezC. A. (2015). Predictors and influence of goal orientation on self-management and health-related quality of life after lung transplant. Progress in Transplantation, 25(3), 230–242. https://doi.org/10.7182/pit2015189
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
