Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

The school nurse has a crucial role in the United States and the United Kingdom and has their own expertise dedicated to school assistance for children, families, school staff, and the community. This study aims to identify the role and skills of the school nurse and understand the effects of COVID-19 on nursing skills in the following countries: The United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy. A Scoping Review was conducted following the JBI methodology for scoping reviews, following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Three databases were consulted: PubMed, Cinahl, and Scopus. In all, 58 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. 93.1% of the studies were carried out in the United States, 5.2% in the United Kingdom, and 1.7% in Italy. 34.5% of the articles were published in 2020, 15.5% in 2021, 31% in 2022, and 19% in 2023. 22.4% of the studies included in the review concerned health promotion and education. Regarding the methodology of the studies, 41.5% of the studies were commentary papers, 15.5% were observational studies, and 12% were cross-sectional studies. Considering the effects of the school nurse in the United States and the United Kingdom, it is possible to reflect on how the systematic presence of a nurse could also have benefits in Italy.

Keywords

school nursing school care nursing competencies COVID-19 pandemic

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

2018 National Survey of Children’s Health. (2018). Data Resource Centre for Child and Adolescent Health. https://nschdata.org/browse/survey/results?q=7344&g=714&a=11802&r=1

Akella

(2019). Socio-cultural influences on teenage pregnancy and contemporary prevention measures. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6108-8

Ambrosino

C. M.

Callan

Wiggins

T. M. S.

Repka

M. X.

Collins

M. E.

(2023). Considerations in building a school-based vision program. The Journal of School Nursing. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/10598405231163753

Ancheta

A. J.

Bruzzese

J. M.

Hughes

T. L.

(2021). The impact of positive school climate on suicidality and mental health among LGBTQ adolescents: A systematic review. The Journal of School Nursing, 37(2), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840520970847

Banzon

T. M.

Sheehan

W. J.

Petty

C. R.

Hauptman

Flanagan

Bell

Jr. Shamosh

Bartnikas

L. M.

Phipatanakul

(2023). The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and mental health-related school-nurse visits in United States schools. Academic Pediatrics, 23(3), 681–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2022.09.002

Behrmann

Kenney

Magee

(2022). Key challenges and opportunities for implementing school located vaccination clinics for COVID-19 and influenza: Roundtables with school nurses and immunization programs. Mathematica Policy Research Reports, 61b14490c9144396b5c171f97f38cfea

Bennett

Watts

(2022). School nurses’ language needs when caring for students from limited English proficiency households. The Journal of School Nursing. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405221100665

Bergren

M. D.

Maughan

E. D.

(2020). Data and information literacy: A fundamental nursing competency. NASN School Nurse (Print), 35(3), 140–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X20913249

Best

N. C.

Donahue

Agran

P. F.

Munk

Rochelle

N. F.

Billimek

(2023). Exploration of California School Nurse perspectives on the impact of COVID-19. Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.), 40(3), 394–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.13182

10.

Best

N. C.

Nichols

A. O.

Oppewal

Pierre-Louis

Waller

A. E.

Zomorodi

Travers

(2021). An appraisal of school nurse health services and programs in North Carolina Public Schools, 2006–2016. The Journal of School Nursing, 37(3), 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840519899439

11.

Blume

L. F

Lines

(2020). The role of the school nurse in creating a vape-free school. NASN School Nurse (Print), 35(3), 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X20913261

12.

Boldt

Nguyen

King

Breitenstein

S. M.

(2021). Community health workers: Connecting communities and supporting school nurses. NASN School Nurse (Print), 36(2), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X20976545

13.

Boyer-Chu

(2020). Challenged by immunization compliance? Five steps for nurses in urban high schools with multilingual students. NASN School Nurse, 35(2), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19873329

14.

Brentari

Franceschi

Longhini

Maines

Mozzillo

Marigliano

Vivori

(2023). Family and community nurses as a resource for the inclusion of youths with type 1 diabetes at school. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(6), 981. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13060981

15.

Brigham

Olympia

R. P.

(2022). School nurses on the front lines of healthcare: Emergencies associated with sport and physical activities (Part 4)—The assessment of pediatric shoulder and hip injuries utilizing the “SPASMS” mnemonic. NASN School Nurse, 37(6), 318–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X221104204

16.

Combe

L. G.

(2020). Owning the future of school nursing. NASN School Nurse (Print), 35(1), 7–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19890482

17.

Cook

Appleton

J. V.

Bekaert

Harrold

Taylor

Sammut

(2023). School nursing: New ways of working with children and young people during the Covid-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 79(2), 471–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15504

18.

Council on School Health. (2016). Role of the school nurse in providing school health services. Pediatrics, 137(6), e20160852. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0852

19.

Dean

O’Hara

Brooks

Shinnar

Bougher

Santilli

(2021). Managing acute seizures: New rescue delivery option and resources to assist school nurses. NASN School Nurse (Print), 36(6), 346–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X211026333

20.

Denke

N. J.

Winkleblack

L. K.

(2020). Challenges and opportunities in population health: The role of school nurses as complexity leaders. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 44(2), 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000411

21.

Dickson

Parshall

Brindis

C. D.

(2020). Isolated voices: Perspectives of teachers, school nurses, and administrators regarding implementation of sexual health education policy. Journal of School Health, 90(2), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12853

22.

DL 19 maggio 2020 n 34. (2020). https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/static/20200519_128_SO_021.pdf

23.

Embrey

M. L.

Rosiak

(2020). Essential partners for student health and safety: Round table discussion with school nurses and school resource officers. NASN School Nurse, 35(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19869033

24.

Gibson-Young

Waldrop

Lindahl

Buckner

(2022). School nurses perceptions on managing asthma in Alabama Schools. The Journal of School Nursing, 38(2), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840520924455

25.

Higgins

Green

(Eds.) (2022). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.3 (updated february 2022). The Cochrane Collaboration. www.cochrane-handbook.org

26.

How COVID-19 is Changing the World: A Statistical Perspective (vol. III). (2021). United Nation Statistic Division—Comitee for the Coordination of Clinical Activities. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ccsa/documents/covid19-report-ccsa_vol3.pdf

27.

Jansen

D. E. M. C

Visser

Vervoort

J. P. M.

van der Pol

Kocken

Reijneveld

S. A.

Michaud

P. A.

(2018). Models of child health appraised. https://www.childhealthservicemodels.eu/wp-content/uploads/Deliverable-173.1_Final-report-on-the-description-of-the-various-models-of-school-health-services-and-adolescent-health-services-1.pdf

28.

Johnson

(2020). Bring school nursing out of the shadows: Advocacy for the future of nursing 2030. NASN School Nurse (Print), 35(2), 85–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19898807

29.

Johnson

J. L.

Edwards

P. M.

(2020). Youth gaming addiction: Implications for school nurses. NASN School Nurse, 35(5), 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19888615

30.

L 05 febbraio 1992 n 104. (1992). https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/1992/02/17/092G0108/sg

31.

L 23 dicembre 1978 n 833. (1978). https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/1978/12/28/078U0833/sg

32.

Largent

(2022). Amplifying advocacy for student health and school nursing services. NASN School Nurse (Print), 37(4), 182–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X221101887

33.

Leach

S. M.

Hollands

F. M.

Stone

Shand

Head

Wang

Yan

Dossett

Chang

Ginsberg

Y. C.

Pan

(2023). Costs and effects of school-based licensed practical nurses on elementary student attendance and chronic absenteeism. Prevention Science, 24(1), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-022-01459-0

34.

Lloyd-Richardson

E. E.

Hasking

Lewis

Hamza

McAllister

Baetens

Muehlenkamp

(2020). Addressing self-injury in schools, Part 2: How school nurses can help with supporting assessment, ongoing care, and referral for treatment. NASN School Nurse (Print), 35(2), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19887353

35.

Lowe

A. A.

Ravi

Gerald

L. B.

Wilson

A. M.

(2023). The changing job of school nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A media content analysis of contributions to stress. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 67(1), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxac053

36.

Lucas

Mahler

Tierney

C. D.

Olympia

R. P.

(2020). School nurses on the front lines of health care: How to help students with autism spectrum disorder navigate a meltdown in school. NASN School Nurse, 35(3), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19890564

37.

American Academy of Pediatrics Council on School Health; Magalnick

Mazyck

. (2008). Role of the school nurse in providing school health services. Pediatrics, 121(5), 1052–1056. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-0382

38.

Mangena

A. S.

Maughan

(2015). The 2015 NASN school nurse survey: Developing and providing leadership to advance school nursing practice. NASN School Nurse (Print), 30(6), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X15608183

39.

Maslow

G. R.

Haydon

McRee

A. L.

Ford

C. A.

Halpern

C. T.

(2011). Growing up with a chronic illness: Social success, educational/vocational distress. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(2), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.12.001

40.

Maughan

E. D.

(2020). Using data and research to heal the future. NASN School Nurse, 35(2), 82–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19898835

41.

Mazyck

(2021). Cultivating student belonging and school connectedness. NASN School Nurse (Print), 36(4), 191–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X211018866

42.

McCabe

E. M.

Kaskoun

J. R.

Strauss

S. M.

(2021). School nurses as vital members of 504 and individualized educational program teams: Do district-level policies make a difference in school nurses’ involvement? Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 22(3), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/15271544211011959

43.

McCabe

E. M.

McDonald

Connolly

Lipman

T. H.

(2021). Factors associated with school nurses’ self-efficacy in provision of asthma care and performance of asthma management behaviors. The Journal of School Nursing, 37(5), 353–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840519878866

44.

McIntosh

Brelage

Pokorny

Duckham

Boucher

(2020). School nurses’ roles in preparing special needs students for active school shootings. NASN School Nurse, 35(3), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19885363

45.

McKinley Yoder

Cantrell

M. A.

Hinkle

J. L

. (2021). Primary school classmate characteristics and school nursing predicting graduation from high school. Public Health Nursing, 38(5), 760–769. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12896

46.

McNickle

Olympia

R. P.

(2020). School nurses on the front lines of healthcare: Infectious diseases popularized in the news. NASN School Nurse (Print), 35(4), 212–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X20921426

47.

Merkle

S. L.

Welton

van Zyl

Chong

Tanner

Rose

C. E.

Hertz

Hill

Leroy

Z. C.

Sifre

Thomas

E. S.

(2023). Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal ideation among school nurses in Prekindergarten through grade 12 schools—United States, March 2022. The Journal of School Nursing, 39(2), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405221131048

48.

Morse

B. L.

Anderson

Combe

L. G.

Delack

Ondeck

Homme

(2022). U.S. School nursing job analysis. The Journal of School Nursing, 38(2), 126–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840520930075

49.

Moss

(2021). Roadmap to recovery: Year 2 of the COVID-19 pandemic. NASN School Nurse (Print), 36(5), 292–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X211033516

50.

NASN Position Statement: Complementary and Integrative Therapies. (2023). NASN School Nurse (Print), 38(2), 93–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X221142911

51.

NASN Position Statement: Human Trafficking. (2022). NASN School Nurse (Print), 37(2), 106–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X211066655

52.

NASN Position Statement: School-Located Vaccination. (2022). NASN School Nurse (Print), 37(3), 165–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X221087396

53.

NASN Position Statement: Student Access to School Nursing Services. (2022). NASN. https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/NASN/8575d1b7-94ad-45ab-808e-d45019cc5c08/UploadedImages/PDFs/Position%20Statements/2022psaccesstoservices.pdf

54.

National Association of School Nurses. (2016). Framework for 21st Century School Nursing Practice: National Association of School Nurses. NASN School Nurse (Print), 31(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X15618644

55.

National Association of School Nurses. (s.d.). Recuperato 25 maggio 2023, https://www.nasn.org/home

56.

Nighswander

M. L.

Blair

P. A.

(2022). From institutions to inclusion: How children with disabilities gained educational rights in the U.S. The Journal of School Nursing. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405221105054

57.

Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2022). Standards of proficiency for specialist community public health nurses. https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/standards/post-reg-standards/nmc_standards_of_proficiency_for_specialist_community_public_health_nurses_scphn.pdf

58.

Ouzzani

Hammady

Fedorowicz

Elmagarmid

(2016). Rayyan—A web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 5(1), 210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4

59.

Park

Cartmill

Johnson-Gordon

Landes

Malik

Sinnott

Wallace

Wallin

(2021). Preparing for a school-located COVID-19 vaccination clinic. NASN School Nurse, 36(3), 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X21991643

60.

Peters

El-Ghaziri

Quinn

Simons

Taylor

(2021). An exploratory study of bullying exposure among school nurses: Prevalence and impact. The Journal of School Nursing, 37(6), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840519897308

61.

Peters

M. D. J.

Godfrey

C. M.

Khalil

McInerney

Parker

Soares

C. B.

(2015). Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Implementation, 13(3), 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000050

62.

Peters

M. D. J.

Marnie

Tricco

A. C.

Pollock

Munn

Alexander

McInerney

Godfrey

C. M.

Khalil

(2020). Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 18(10), 2119–2126. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-20-00167

63.

Peters

M. D. J.

Godfrey

McInerney

Khalil

Larsen

Marnie

Pollock

Tricco

A. C.

Munn

(2022). Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 20(4), 953–968. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-21-00242

64.

Pollock

Alexander

Munn

Peters

M. D. J.

Khalil

Godfrey

C. M.

McInerney

Synnot

Tricco

A. C.

(2022). Moving from consultation to co-creation with knowledge users in scoping reviews: Guidance from the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 20(4), 969–979. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-21-00416

65.

Ramos

M. M.

Sebastian

Shattuck

Acosta

Zamarin

(2022). School nursing workforce differences between urban and non-urban areas: Implications for school health services and equity. The Journal of School Nursing. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405221119516

66.

Rau

Jamersone

Amidon

Thornmton

Wilson

Maughan

Combe

(2020). School nurse workload: Staffing for safe care. National Association of School Nurses. https://www.nasn.org/nasn-resources/professional-practice-documents/position-statements/ps-workload

67.

Reising

Cygan

(2022). School nurse job descriptions in urban districts: Alignment with the framework for 21st-century school nursing practice. The Journal of School Nursing, 38(4), 410–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840520963621

68.

Righi

Trapassi

Bragaglia

Zuffi

(2020). Educazione al primo soccorso in un Istituto Scolastico Grossetano riflessioni sull’infermiere scolastico. L’Infermiere, 57(3), 13–15.

69.

Russell

A. F.

Nanda

Bingemann

T. A.

(2022). The vital role of the school nurse in managing asthma. NASN School Nurse, 37(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X211037260

70.

Sammut

Cook

Taylor

Harrold

Appleton

Bekaert

(2022). School nurse perspectives of working with children and young people in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online survey study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010481

71.

Santilli

Dewar

Guerra

Misra

S. N.

Rabinowicz

A. L.

Carrazana

(2023). Use of intranasal rescue therapy for seizure clusters in students with epilepsy: Nurses’ knowledge, perceptions, and practice. Epilepsy & Behavior Reports, 22, 100604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebr.2023.100604

72.

Section 504 under the Rehabilitation Act. (1973). US Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocr/civilrights/resources/factsheets/504.pdf

73.

Social Determinants of Health. (2022, dicembre 8). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/about/sdoh/index.html

74.

Strawhacker

M. T.

(2020). Medical cannabis and school: Separating fact from fiction. NASN School Nurse, 35(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19877561

75.

Supervision and Evaluation of the School Nurse: Position Statement. (2020). NASN School Nurse (Print), 35(1), 49–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19890469

76.

Swaffield

T. P.

Olympia

R. P.

(2022). School nurses on the front lines of healthcare: Emergencies associated with sport and physical activities (Part 2): Sudden cardiac arrest, hypovolemic shock, and spinal cord injury. NASN School Nurse, 37(3), 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X211046048

77.

Terzoni

Destrebecq

Di Prisco

Ferrara

(2021, Novembre 23). L’infermiere scolastico: Ruoli e proposte per la realtà italiana. Fnopi L’infermiere. https://www.infermiereonline.org/2021/11/23/linfermiere-scolastico-ruoli-e-proposte-per-la-realta-italiana/

78.

Trefry

(2020). Health and academic equity in schools: Is nursing far enough up stream? NASN School Nurse (Print), 35(2), 79–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19885956

79.

Tricco

A. C.

Lillie

Zarin

O’Brien

K. K.

Colquhoun

Levac

Moher

Peters

M. D. J.

Horsley

Weeks

Hempel

Akl

E. A.

Chang

McGowan

Stewart

Hartling

Aldcroft

Wilson

M. G.

Garritty

. . .Straus

S. E.

(2018). PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850

80.

Tucker

Schlueter

Olympia

R. P.

(2022). School nurses on the front lines of health care: Clinical presentations associated with COVID-19 infection. NASN School Nurse (Print), 37(4), 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X221096342

81.

Tyndall

D. E.

Pestaner

Lewis

(2023). The role of the school nurse in suicide prevention: Implications for equitable care of vulnerable youth. The Journal of School Nursing. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405231180618

82.

Ventriglio

Castaldelli-Maia

J. M.

Torales

Chumakov

E. M.

Bhugra

(2021). Personal and social changes in the time of COVID-19. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 38(4), 315–317. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2021.23

83.

White

K. A.

Davis

Maughan

E. D.

(2021). Development and validation of an instrument to measure scope of practice in school nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(7), 3226–3237. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14867

84.

Wilson

O. F.

Mote

S. L.

Morse

B. L.

(2023). Addressing vaccine hesitancy among students and families: Interventions for school nurses. NASN School Nurse (Print), 38(3), 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X221106945

85.

Wilt

(2021). The relationships among school nurse to student ratios, self-efficacy, and glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The Journal of School Nursing, 37(4), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840519870314

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.75 MB

0.02 MB

0.01 MB

0.21 MB

The Role of the School Nurse in the United States,United Kingdom,and Italy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material