The aim of this study was to explore the lived experience of COVID-19 patients with pulmonary involvement. The hermeneutic phenomenology was chosen, as this approach can extract the participant experiences as COVID-19 patients. A total of 10 COVID-19 patients with the pulmonary disease were selected as participants after being discharged from the hospital by purposive sampling method until reaching saturation. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and by using Greatrex-White and van Manen’s methods were analyzed. As a result of data analysis, five main themes were emerged: Symptoms of inducing fear, Annoying loneliness, death anxiety, Spirituality healing factor, and Valuable life again. Based on the results of the interviews, the participants’ experiences showed that patients infected with COVID-19, after being discharged from the hospital, due to mental and physical problems experienced during hospitalization, need comprehensive attention and care to regain their health during convalescence.
AbdollahimohammadA.FirouzkouhiM.NaderifarM. (2019). Lived experiences of Iranian cancer patients after survival: A phenomenological research. Journal of Patient Experience, 6(2), 164–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373518800783
2.
AggarwalS.Garcia-TellesN.AggarwalG.LavieC.LippiG.HenryB. M. (2020). Clinical features, laboratory characteristics, and outcomes of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Early report from the United States. Diagnosis, 7(2), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2020-0046
AveyardP.GaoM.LindsonN.Hartmann-BoyceJ.WatkinsonP.YoungD.CouplandC.TanP. S.CliftA. K.HarrisonD.GouldD. W.PavordI. D.Hippisley-CoxJ. (2021). Association between pre-existing respiratory disease and its treatment, and severe COVID-19: A population cohort study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 9(8), 909–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00095-3
5.
BahramnezhadF.AsgariP. (2021). Spiritual care for COVID-19 patients: A neglected necessity. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice, 29(1), e63–e63. https://doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000000955
6.
BaudD.QiX.Nielsen-SainesK.MussoD.PomarL.FavreG. (2020). Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(7), 773. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30195-X
7.
BrooksS. K.WebsterR. K.SmithL. E.WoodlandL.WesselyS.GreenbergN.RubinG. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8
8.
ChenN.ZhouM.DongX.QuJ.GongF.HanY.QiuY.WangJ.LiuY.WeiY.XiaJ.YuT.ZhangX.ZhangL. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet, 395(10223), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7
9.
DegilloJ. L. L.GayolesL. A. M. (2020). The effect of religiously integrated cognitive behavioral therapy on the psycho-spiritual well-being of people living with HIV. Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(3), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i3.245
10.
Do NascimentoG.Guilherme NunesF.AndersonJ. E. (2020). From hospital to post-acute care organizations: The relationship between patient experience and health recovery. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 32(9), 585–590. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzaa095
11.
DowlingM. (2007). From Husserl to van Manen. A review of different phenomenological approaches. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.11.026
12.
GasmiA.NoorS.TippairoteT.DadarM.MenzelA.BjørklundG. (2020). Individual risk management strategy and potential therapeutic options for the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Immunology, 215, 108409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108409
13.
GittellJ. H.LoganC.CronenwettJ.FosterT. C.FreemanR.GodfreyM.VidalD. C. (2020). Impact of relational coordination on staff and patient outcomes in outpatient surgical clinics. Health Care Management Review, 45(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/HMR.0000000000000192
14.
Greatrex-WhiteS. (2008). Thinking about the nature of research findings: A hermeneutic phenomenological perspective. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(12), 1842–1849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.08.011
ImanzadehA. (2019). Lived experiences of cancer patients from death anxiety based on jaspers borderline situations. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(6), 35–47. (In Persion)
17.
Jafari-OoriM.FiorentinoM.CastellanoG.EbadiA.Rahimi-BasharF.GuestP. C.Vahedian-AzimiA.SahebkarA. (2021). Acute kidney injury and Covid-19: A scoping review and Meta-Analysis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1321, 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59261-5_28
18.
JamesP. B.WardleJ.SteelA.AdamsJ. (2019). Post-Ebola psychosocial experiences and coping mechanisms among Ebola survivors: A systematic review. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 24(6), 671–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13226
19.
KangL.LiY.HuS.ChenM.YangC.YangB. X.WangY.HuJ.LaiJ.MaX.ChenJ.GuanL.WangG.MaH.LiuZ. (2020). The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7, E14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X
20.
KellyD. L.YangG. S.StarkweatherA. R.SiangphoeU.Alexander-DelpechP.LyonD. E. (2020). Relationships among fatigue, anxiety, depression, and pain and health-promoting lifestyle behaviors in women with early-stage breast cancer. Cancer Nursing, 43(2), 134–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0000000000000676
21.
KingstoneT.TaylorA. K.O’DonnellC. A.AthertonH.BlaneD. N.Chew-GrahamC. A. (2020). Finding the ‘right’ GP: A qualitative study of the experiences of people with long-COVID. BJGP Open, 4(5), bjgpopen20X101143. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen20X101143
22.
LincolnY. S.GubaE. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry (1st ed., pp. 230–289). SAGE Publications.
23.
LoC.HalesS.JungJ.ChiuA.PandayT.RydallA.NissimR.MalfitanoC.Petricone-WestwoodD.ZimmermannC.RodinG. (2014). Managing cancer and living meaningfully (CALM): Phase 2 trial of a brief individual psychotherapy for patients with advanced cancer. Palliative Medicine, 28(3), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216313507757
24.
MannR.PerisettiA.GajendranM.GandhiZ.UmapathyC.GoyalH. (2020). Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of major coronavirus outbreaks. Frontiers of Medicine, 7, 581521. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.581521
25.
MoradiM.NamdarP.GHapanvariF.YekefallahL. (2021). Lived experiences of the patients hospitalized with COVID-19: A phenomenological study in a province of northwest Iran. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 25(2), 327–340.
26.
RahmatinejadP.YazdiM.KhosraviZ.ShahisadrabadiF. (2020). Lived experience of patients with coronavirus (Covid-19): A phenomenological study. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 14(1), 71–86.
27.
ARDS Definition Task Force, RanieriV. M.RubenfeldG. D.ThompsonB. T.FergusonN. D.CaldwellE.FanE.CamporotaL.SlutskyA. S. (2012). Acute respiratory distress syndrome: The Berlin definition. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 307(23), 2526–2533. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.5669
28.
RansomeY. (2020). Religion, spirituality, and health: New considerations for epidemiology. American Journal of Epidemiology, 189(8), 755–758. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa022
29.
RubinE. J.BadenL. R.MorrisseyS. (2020). Audio interview: New research on possible treatments for Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 382, e30. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejme2005759
30.
RyuS.ChunB. C.; Korean Society of Epidemiology 2019-nCoV Task Force Team. (2020). An interim review of the epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus. Epidemiology and Health, 42, e2020006. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020006
31.
Sagarra-RomeroL.Viñas-BarrosA. (2020). COVID-19: Short and long-term effects of hospitalization on muscular weakness in the elderly. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238715
32.
SimpsonR. J.CampbellJ. P.GleesonM.KrügerK.NiemanD. C.PyneD. B.TurnerJ. E.WalshN. P. (2020). Can exercise affect immune function to increase susceptibility to infection?Exercise Immunology Review, 26, 8–22.
33.
TajbakhshG. (2021). Covid-19 and the lived experience of people facing it; a quantitative study. Journal of Education and Community Health, 8, 127–133.
34.
TroyerE. A.KohnJ. N.HongS. (2020). Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.027
35.
TuffourI. (2017). A critical overview of interpretative phenomenological analysis: A contemporary qualitative research approach. Journal of Healthcare Communications, 2(4), 52.
