This is a descriptive study conducted to determine the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in Schizophrenia patients and identify the effects of hopelessness and some variables on MetS. The study was conducted at the Psychiatry Clinic of a university hospital in Turkey between May and August 2020 with 105 schizophrenia patients receiving treatment as inpatients. The data of the study were collected by a Personal Information Form, a Physiological Measurements Form and (BHS). The data were analyzed by using SPSS 25. The mean age of the patients was 35.31 ± 9.07, their mean duration of disease was 11.35 ± 9.07 years, and 60.0% of the patients were using atypical antipsychotics as their latest drug treatment. 42.9% of the patients had MetS, while the mean hopelessness level of those with MetS was 10.84 ± 3.81. It was determined that hopelessness levels and some sociodemographic (age) and clinical variables significantly predicted the MetS status in the schizophrenia patients.
Abou KassmS.HoertelN.NajaW.McMahonK.BarrièreS.BlumenstockY.PortefaixC.Raucher-ChénéD.Béra-PotelleC.Cuervo-LombardC.Guerin-LangloisC.LemogneC.PeyreH.KaladjianA.LimosinF. (2019). CSA study group. Metabolic syndrome among older adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorder: Prevalence and associated factors in a multicenter study. Psychiatry Research, 275, 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.036
2.
AdamowiczK.Kucharska-MazurJ. (2020). Dietary behaviors and metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 537.
3.
AgrawalA.GuptaN. R. (2021). Assessment of diabetes in patients with schizophrenia: A clinical study. International Journal of Health and Clinical Research, 4(1), 155–157.
4.
Aly El-GabryD. M.Abdel AzizK.OkashaT.AzzamH.OkashaA. (2018). Antipsychotic polypharmacy and its relation to metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: An Egyptian study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 38, 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000000815
5.
BeckA. T.WeissmanA.LesterD.TrexlerL. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 861–865.
6.
BoikoA. S.MednovaI. A.KornetovaE. G.SemkeA. V.BokhanN. A.LoonenA. J. M.IvanovaS. A. (2019). Apolipoprotein serum levels related to metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. Heliyon, 5(7), e02033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02033
7.
ChengS. L.SunH. F.YehM. L. (2017). Effects of an 8-week aerobic dance program on health-related fitness in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Nursing Research, 25(6), 429–435.
8.
ChenV. C.-H.ChenC.-H.ChiuY.-H.LinT.-Y.F-cL. (2018). Leptin/Adiponectinratio as a potential biomarker for metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. Psychoneuro Endocrinology, 92, 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.1003.1021
9.
FıratF. A.DedeliÖ. (2016). Evaluation of hopelessness and quality of life in patients with myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 7(14), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.5543/khd.2016.72792
10.
GurusamyJ.GandhiS.DamodharanD.GanesanV.PalaniappanM. (2018). Exercise, diet and educational interventions for metabolic syndrome in persons with schizophrenia: A systematic review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2018.06.018
11.
HealdA.PendleburyJ.AndersonS.NarayanV.GuyM.GibsonM.HaddadP.LivingstonM. (2017). Lifestyle factors and the metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. Annals of General Psychiatry, 16(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-017-0134-6
12.
HirschL.YangJ.BreseeL.JetteN.PattenS.PringsheimT. (2017). Second generation antipsychotics and metabolic side effects: A systematic review of population-based studies. Drug Safety, 40(9), 771–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-017-0543-0
13.
JeonS. W.KimY. K. (2017). Unresolved issues for utilization of atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia: Antipsychotic polypharmacy and metabolic syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(10), 2174. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102174
14.
KalinowskaS.Trześniowska-DrukałaB.KłodaK.SafranowK.MisiakB.CyranA.SamochowiecJ. (2021). The association between lifestyle choices and schizophrenia symptoms. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(1), 165.
15.
KaradagF.SengulC. B.EnliY.KarakulahK.AlacamH.KaptanogluB.KalkanciO.HerkenH. (2017). Relationship between serum bilirubin levels and metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 15(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2017.15.2.153
16.
LiaoX.YeH.SiT. (2021). A review of switching strategies for patients with schizophrenia comorbid with metabolic syndrome or metabolic abnormalities. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 17, 453–469.
17.
LinS. P.LiuC. Y.YangC. Y. (2018). Relationship between lifestyles that promote health and quality of life in patients with chronic schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Nursing Research, 26(3), 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000235
18.
NayerifardR.BurengM. A.ZahiroddinA.NamjooM.RajeziS. (2017). Comparison of metabolic syndrome prevalence in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews, 11, S411–S416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2017.03.027
19.
PenninxB. W. J. H.LangeS. M. M. (2018). Metabolic syndrome in psychiatric patients: Overview, mechanisms, and implications. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 20(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.1/bpenninx
20.
PrestwoodT. R.AsgariroozbehaniR.WuS.AgarwalS. M.LoganR. W.BallonJ. S.HahnM. K.FreybergZ. (2021). Roles of inflammation in intrinsic pathophysiology and antipsychotic drug-induced metabolic disturbances of schizophrenia. Behavioural Brain Research, 402, 113101.
21.
SeberG.DilbazN.KaptanoğluC.TekinD. (1993). The scale of desperation: Validity and reliability. Crisis Journal, 1, 139–142.
22.
SeowL. S.ChongS. A.WangP.ShafieS.OngH. L.SubramaniamM. (2017). Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk among institutionalized patients with schizophrenia receiving long term tertiary care. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 74, 196–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.01.017
23.
ShafieS.LeeS. P.OngS. B.WangP.SeowE.OngH. L.ChongS. A.SubramaniamM. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia in a long-stay inpatient schizophrenia population in Singapore. Singapore Medical Journal, 59, 465–471. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2018020
24.
ShojaeimotlaghV.HashiehbafA.KaramiM.MonjazebiF.GheshlaghR. G. (2019). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Iranian patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews, 13, 143–147.
25.
SugaiT.SuzukiY.YamazakiM.ShimodaK.MoriT.OzekiY.MatsudacH.SugawarabeN.Yasui-FurukoribeN.MinamicY.OkamotocK.SagaefT.SomeyaT. (2016). Difference in prevalence of metabolic syndrome between Japanese outpatients and inpatients with schizophrenia: A nationwide survey. Schizophrenia Research, 171(1–3), 68–73.
26.
TouriñoR.AcostaF. J.GiráldezA.ÁlvarezJ.GonzálezJ. M.AbelleiraC.BenítezN.BaenaE.FernándezJ. A.RodriguezC. J. (2018). Suicidal risk, hopelessness and depression in patients with schizophrenia and internalized stigma. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 46(2), 33–41.
27.
TranterS.RobertsonM. (2019). Improving the physical health of people with a mental illness: Holistic nursing assessments. Mental Health Practice, 22(4), 34–41.
28.
Urban-KowalczykM.Kotlicka-AntczakM.StrzeleckiD.RudeckaE.ŚmigielskiJ. (2021). The relationship between antipsychotic treatment and plasma β-endorphin concentration in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 17, 503–512.
29.
WhitsonS.O’DonoghueB.HesterR.BaldwinL.HarriganS.FranceyS.GrahamJ.NelsonB.RatheeshA.Alvarez-JimenezM.FornitoA.PantelisC.YuenH. P.ThompsonA.KerrM.BerkM.WoodS. J.McGorryP.AllottK. (2021). Cognitive ability and metabolic physical health in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research Cognition, 24, 100194.
30.
ZhouY.SongX.GuoY.LangX.LiZ.ZhangX. Y. (2021). Sex differences in metabolic disorder patterns of first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 124, 105061.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
