As North Americans appear to be rejecting formalized, traditional rituals, new or improved rituals must be devised for use in helping the bereaved grieve. This article suggests that helpful rituals may be separated into three categories: predeath, immediate postdeath, and long-term postdeath. Within these groupings, rituals are described that have proved beneficial to those who mourned. In addition, methods of designing and performing funerary (death) rituals are illustrated.
DonneJ.1941. Devotions XVII. In The complete poetry and selected prose of John Donne and the complete poetry of William Blake, edited by HaywardJohn. New York: Modern Library.
2.
EvansG., and FarberowN. L., eds. 1988. The encyclopedia of suicide. New York: Facts on File.
3.
HunsbyG.1995. Commentary. The Bellingham Herald, p. C2, February 1.
4.
Imber-BlackE., and RobertsJ.. 1992. Rituals for our times: Celebrating, healing, and changing our lives and our relationships. New York: HarperPerennial.
5.
LeenaarsA. A., and WencksternS., eds. 1991. Suicide prevention in the schools. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
6.
ManningD.1995. The clergy factor. Dodge Magazine January/February: 4–5.
7.
MeadL.1994. Transforming congregations for the future. Bethesda, MD: Alben Institute.
8.
MeadM.1973. Ritual and social crisis. In The roots of ritual, edited by ShaughnessyJ., 87–101. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
9.
MetrickS. B.1994. Crossing the bridge: Creating ceremonies for grieving and healing from life's losses. Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts.
10.
RandoT.1984. Grief, dying, and death—Clinical interventions for caregivers. Champaign. IL: Research Press.
11.
SandersC.1989. Grief, the mourning after. New York: John Wiley.